Going It Alone

Going It Alone For reasons unknown, todays quote impacted me. Regardless of whether thoughtful or outgoing, an author needs to feel great being separated from everyone else for a considerable length of time and days on end. While we see bunches of blog entries about how an essayist needs his clan or his group, the main concern is he composes alone. Hes dismissed alone. Hes acknowledged alone. Theres a colossal measure of alone time in his profession, and he needs to acknowledge, perhaps appreciate, that experience or he wont keep going long. This by itself time is likely why essayists are undoubtedly so contemplative. We appreciate keeping organization with ourselves, inside our considerations. Its more secure there. Be that as it may, that likewise clarifies why journalists, when they adventure out of their disconnection, will in general gather with different authors. This is a pattern that is useful . . . just to a point. After that point, in any case, its inconvenient. On the off chance that after case, I see essayists pitching their books to different authors when they should be seeking after perusers. Except if they compose FOR scholars, in how-to books, or their fiction is about an author, they are not contacting their focused on crowd. Journalists are a perverted parcel. Gatherings, advancing their books, visiting on the web. They incline toward one another, however it turns into a propensity since its so agreeable, and we will in general try too hard. What's more, theres been a pattern generally to have occasions where many journalists show up at a celebration of sorts. Ive been welcome to a few of them. This is my sentiment, remember, yet I consider these to be as not being extremely powerful, potentially in any event, disabling or impeding. At any rate discouraging. Furthermore, this is the reason: 1) Appearing with thirty or forty creators weakens you, your voice, your work. The faces begin to obscure. Participants recollect you as a major aspect of a mass, not as you. 2) Attendees can indeed purchase a limited number of books. Lets state two books for each participant. Crunch the numbers. Thirty writers x 2 books for each participant = 60 participants least. In any case, lets state a profitable day for you implies ten books. That implies 300 participants least expecting a couple of creators dont flee with the show. 3) Such occasions attempt to catch a couple of notable creators. Those names draw perusers . . . to them, not you. That is the name that will be recollected when the perusers return home. Marking doesnt mean you and others. It implies you. Set out to show up alone. Set out to advance yourself as one of a kind, ground-breaking, fascinating and worth perusing. Grasp your aloneness. Theres nothing amiss with being distant from everyone else. Like I lecture bashful scholars the nation over, figure out how to cherish what your identity is. Be exceptional, be sure about your own skin. Since endeavoring to mix into handfuls, even hundreds, of like spirits will just make you blur into the majority. You are superior to that.

Albuquerque vs. Isleta Pueblo Water Case free essay sample

A great part of the arsenic being conveyed to the Pueblo through the Rio Grande originate from the groundwater going through the Jemez Volcanic Field included more arsenic. In 2002, the Isleta Pueblo altered its water quality guidelines. The Tribe’s new water quality measures were as of late affirmed by the EPA, and have been set into law. The City didn't need to go through enormous wholes of cash to overhaul its framework. Be that as it may, a couple of glitches stay in the framework. What and how is (are) the code of ethic disregarded by individuals included (engineers, the board, nearby position, government) in this case?Albuquerque sewage treatment plant meets all appropriate Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines remembering the standard for arsenic fixation for the stream. Any people groups or district who need utilizing waterway water for drinking must treat the water first. Albuquerque has damaged the code of ethic due to their sewage treatment plant carry the issue to the people groups. We will compose a custom exposition test on Albuquerque versus Isleta Pueblo Water Case or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Under National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) code of morals and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AICHE) additionally express that specialists will hold the vital the security, wellbeing, and government assistance of he open and ensure nature in execution of their expert obligations. Despite the fact that they have their privilege as indicated by the government law, they really should secure nature and solid of the individuals first. They realize that the Pueblo utilized water straightforwardly from Rio Grande River for drinking during strict functions and furthermore has been utilized by the people groups that live close to the waterway. What direction may (at least one) of the building society codes of morals give in dealing with or keeping the occasion from occurring? The contentions of Albuquerque vs.Isleta Pueblo are about clash intervention, and to the appropriation of water. Customarily, the Pueblo utilized water legitimately from the waterway for drinking during strict services. The pueblo is on the banks of the Rio Grande, downstream from Albuquerque metropolitan territory, which contains around 650,000 people groups. In 1992, the Isleta Pueblo, south of Albuquerque, New Mexico, turned into the primary innate element to be affirmed to make its own water quality norms. The tribe’s reception of new water quality gauges in 1992 was a trouble for the Albuquerque and its treatment facility.To satisfy with the Pueblo’s arsenic standard could cost the city an extra $300million in plant updates. For this situation, one of the most significant issues has been natural security and the ascent of the ecological development. Designers are capable in part of production of the innovation and furthermore attempting to discover answers for the issues brought about by current innovation. Nature development has prompted an expanded mindfulness among engineers that have duty to utilize their insight and abilities to help secure the environment.According to American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), engineers will think about ecological effect in the exhibition of their expert obligations. Specialists must fret about the effect of their arrangements and structures on nature. At the point when the effect is an unmistakable danger to wellbeing or security open then the rules for this major Canon return to Canon 1 where designers will hold vital the wellbeing, wellbeing, and government assistance of open in the exhibition of their expert obligations. Proficient codes of morals advise us to consider maintainable improvement in the exhibition of their expert duties.Engineer will consider advancement that addresses the issues of the present without bargaining the capacity of people in the future to address their own issues. At the point when the effect of the exchange off between financial, environmental and social issues shapes an away from to wellbeing or security of people in general, at that point the rules from this Canon return to those of Canon 1. Utilize moral hypotheses, (utilitarianism, obligation and right ethic, and additionally virtual ethic) figured out how to investigate the case. Consider every single imaginable component that are affected for the situation I. e humankind, condition and society. The diverse of standard quality water between the City of Albuquerque and Isleta Pueblo is the serious issue for this situation study. The pueblo is on the banks of the Rio Grande, which they have verifiably utilized for drinking, water system, strict functions and all other every day utilized. The Isleta Pueblo truly worried about the centralization of arsenic in the waterway water. Beforehand, the Albuquerque meets all the determinations that Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) needs before the sewage treatment plant discharged the water into the Rio Grande.However, Isleta Pueblo didn't fulfill with the quality water that released by Albuquerque in light of the fact that the clans expected that the water can utilized straightforwardly from the stream. Along these lines, Isleta Pueblo needs the standard of arsenic become twice and severe as the EPA guidelines grant. Because of this issue, utilitarianism is the most appropriate moral hypothesis. The Isleta Pueblo worried about the wellbeing impacts causes by arsenic. During the strict services, the clans legitimately utilized the water from stream for drinking. Aside from that, what we can see here is about obligation morals.

Harvard case essay

Treasury bonds with a similar development. The yielding between selling TIPS and purchasing T-securities will cover the Inflation chance misfortunes in this manner viably wipes out Inflation chance In the portfolio. The Harvard's Policy Portfolio Includes a significant part of the college gift, annuity resources, working capital, and portfolio contains 1 wide resource classes, Including household value, remote value, private value, local securities, outside securities, developing markets, land, products, total return, high return, and cash.This portfolio was controlled by the leading body of the company for the since quite a while ago run distribution, notwithstanding, the administrator can make short-run modification inside the cutoff points from the rule. The explanation that HAMS center around genuine returns is HAMS need to prohibit the impact of expansion and decide the arrival rate all the more correctly. As the equation ostensible return = genuine return + swelling rate appear s, picking genuine return rather than ostensible return can uncover the genuine buying intensity of the speculation, therefore help the administrator to lead all the more proficiently to forestall the avoidance of the investment.As we can see from Exhibit land Exhibit 2, local and outside value establish the greatest piece of the portfolio, and these two resource classes have high genuine returns just as hitherto bigger standard deviations. What's more, we realize that value premium demonstrates the contrast between the normal profit for the market arrangement of basic stocks and the hazard free financing cost, and higher hazard regularly shows higher value premium.Based on Ham's suspicion that the genuine development pace of yearly spending is 3% after expansion, and that blessings to the gift are same as the authentic normal rate (1%), HIM needs to keep up a genuine somewhere in the range of 6% and 7% of the complete interest In request accomplish its safeguarding objective. In th is manner HIM needs to put a huge segment in US and rule value with higher premium, bringing about a shy of money. Truly, From beginning in 1 997, TIPS had offered a genuine yield that extended from. 2% to 4. 25%.

Introduction to Statutory Interpretation

Prologue to Statutory Interpretation Legal Interpretation Unique: The methods for deciphering the Acts of Parliament by judges is called legal understanding. Precedent-based Law: Is a law planned by decided with the guide of determinations of a court to follow the guide of an administrative procedure by the official branch. The lawful arrangement of a customary law expresses that, it is a prejudice to deal with in like manner realities or matters unmistakably on a particular events. Strict Rule: Is a standard that is habitually used by universal Judges. Subsequently, the Literal Rule is an obligational venture given to the court to give an exacting importance to a resolutions regardless of the result of being touchy or not. Brilliant Rule: Also known as the British guideline is applied when an exacting principle build up an answer that is not quite the same as the parliament intension. It is utilized when strict principle goes out to craziness. Wickedness Rule: Is the way toward finding the significance of what parliament implied by a specific rules Chapter by chapter list. Presentation of legal interpretation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P.4 Outward guides to legal interpretations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ P.4 Translation acts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ P. 5 Regular law†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ P.5 The three essential principles in legal interpretations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦P. 6 Exacting rule†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ P. 6 Points of interest of strict rule†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P.6 Burdens of strict rule†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P. 6 Malaysian cases utilizing the exacting rule†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P.7 English cases utilizing the exacting rule†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ p. 8 The brilliant rule†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. p. 9 Points of interest of the brilliant rule†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P. 9 Burdens of the brilliant rule†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P.9 Malaysian cases utilizing the brilliant rule†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. p. 9 English cases utilizing the brilliant rule†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. p 10 The fiendishness rule†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. p 12 Points of interest of the fiendishness rule†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ p 12 Burdens of the fiendishness rule †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. p. 12 Malaysian cases utilizing the fiendishness rule†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P 13 English cases utilizing the fiendishness rule†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. p 14 Ends †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ p 15 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ p 16 Appendices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ p. 17 Presentation of Statutory Interpretation. A Statutory Interpretation is best depicted as the ability of a court or Judges to decipher the Acts of Parliament. It is a methods for giving a clarification to the importance of a bit of enactment. As it were, the methods for using legal laws where by Judges attempted to find the reason for parliament placing laws in real life is otherwise called Statutory Interpretation. A resolution may be plainly uncovered as far as importance however they are for the most part comprised of ambiguities and dubious words which are relied upon to be settled by the appointed authorities. As indicated by Lord Hailsham, a senior English Judge, â€Å"probably 9 out of 10 cases heard by the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords turn upon or include the importance of words contained in rule or secondarylegislation†. This implies numerous cases go to claim at a state of understanding. Additionally, cases go to claim at a state of translation since, laws are NOT â€Å"drafted all in all terms†. Laws should be drafted when all is said in done terms and ought to be led with both present and future circumstances. Extraneous Aids to Statutory Interpretation Extraneous guides are valuable data data’s which are not part of a rules but rather are useful to Judges in other to make all the more understanding on the rule. They are materials which make a resolution increasingly obvious for understanding. Parliamentary discussions are on one of the sorts of extraneous material utilized. There is an administration group with two individuals. The first would be the ideological group presenting the Act of parliament and the second would be the opposition’s group likewise with two individuals. It is the government’s work maintain or underpins the subject of the discussions or additionally called the movement. The administration group will talk about an issue and has a particular proposition for a change worried that issues for seven minutes. It is a troublesome undertaking for restriction groups to play ‘devil’s advocate’ so to talk the resistance the group attempts to discover flaw in the government’s contentions for eight minutes. At that point the administration group reacts to the restrictions contentions attempting to make firm their own situation for eight minutes. The restriction groups moves in a similar way for eight minutes. The restricti on arrive at a determination with an answer discourse. Indisputably, the legislature will then with their own answer discourse. Moreover, Notes of the enactment: Both the parliament and authoritative Assemblies have the ability to order laws as indicated by their particular places. A law that is set up or presented by a state Assembly will just influence the state. A law which is established by the parliament can be reached out to the entire country. Likewise, an association which point on the orderly turn of events, survey, and change laws acted in a particular locale is known as a Law Reform Commission. Decisively, an archive which is printed or given at once with a bill is known as an illustrative notice. The primary goal of that record is to offer significance to the points and activities of the rules in the legal understanding. Translation Act: Translation Act express that, in any Act, without the reason having all the earmarks of being inverse, articulations chose to be in Schedule 1 of an Act most be deciphered as per that Schedule. Custom-based Law: Custom-based Law or Case Law is a law started or planned by decided with the guide of decisions of a court and in like manner councils, as battled to a rules which follow the guide of an authoritative procedure distributed by the official branch. Custom-based law help to make matters into inference where at least two gatherings can't help contradicting a specific law by looking forward into past case laws that are material. The Three Basic Rules in Statutory Interpretation. The three fundamental guidelines implemented for legal translation by decided in England, are: The strict guideline The Golden principle and The Mischief rule. The Literal Rule: The strict guideline is comprised of both the standard and the plain importance rules. An exacting principle is a standard that is every now and again used by customary Judges. Universal Judges are the Judges whom think or accept that their protected job is constrained to apply a law sanctioned by the parliament. Subsequently, the Literal Rule is an obligational venture given to the court to give a strict significance to a rules independent of the result of being touchy or not. Preferences of Literal Rule. The attributes of the strict guideline is that law must be similarly sure and comprehensible. The standard requests that residents are to be advised before about the lawful impacts behind a resolutions. The chose Parliament ought to be the one to order another law just as to make sure about the desire of the chosen lawmakers. Burdens of Literal Rule. During language translation, rules which were having clear significance can have more than one importance. Words or expressions in a rules are sensibly open to various significance. Model, 12:00 may either be AM or PM. Regardless of how preposterous the segment of a rules or an Act might be, one must conform to it. Malaysia case utilizing Literal Rule: HOYA HOLDING SDN. BHD. V. CHIA THIN HING ANOR HIGH COURT MALAYA, TAIPING DATO’ HJ. ABDUL MALIK B. HJ. ISHAK J. Agreement: Deal and buy understanding of a residence condo. States of understanding: Connections of Electricity and water flexibly to the condo. Conveyance of empty ownership of house to the buyer. For this situation there was a debate with respect to proviso 20 of the deal and buy understandings dated first August 1919 Condition 20 of the standard deal and buy understanding peruses as follows; 20(1). This structure ought to be finished by the seller alongside associations of water and power flexibly together with the empty belongings, all must be given over

Free Essays on Supernatural In American Fiction And Soceity

â€Å"The most established and most grounded feeling of humankind is dread, and the most established and most grounded kind of dread is dread of the unknown.†1 Therefore, it bodes well that if humans can't hold up under the murkiness, they [should not] not go there. In the event that man loathes â€Å"black night and yawning chasms,†2 at that point would it be a good idea for him to not by any means think about them? Shouldn’t man search out the daylight? The cure is extremely straightforward: Avoid the murkiness and look for the light. In any case, no. Humankind could never submit to this. He will quickly go to the obscurity. Drawn by his own lines of dread and aching, man will envision that he is worn out on the light and his little, natural world.3 â€Å"No measure of defense... or on the other hand Freudian analysis† can defeat â€Å"the rush of the stack corner murmur or the forlorn wood.†4 Why? Youngsters will consistently fear the dim and men will continuously shiver at what they don't see, yet everybody will keep on looking for it.5 Perhaps it is on the grounds that society, especially American culture in light of its history, accepts the last revulsions are phantoms and evil spirits, when genuinely it is the concealed parts of its own soul.6 As reflected by its writing, American culture has constantly held a profound interest with the heavenly. Proof of this is seen all through American history, from the Puritan time forward. In present day society, one would believe that there isn’t wherever for dream and strange notions, however the United States is brimming with individuals who are persuaded that clairvoyants can foresee their future, they have apparitions living in their homes, outsiders visit the Earth in flying saucers, and indeed, even that they can converse with the dead.7 People put stock in the otherworldly on the grounds that they need to accept, on the grounds that it fulfills them, regardless of whether those convictions exist against rationale or contradicting evidence.8 In Detroit, â€Å"ghost-busting is back huge time,† with â€Å"at least five ‘ghost hunting’ clubs† jumping up in the metro area.9 The Great ... Free Essays on Supernatural In American Fiction And Soceity Free Essays on Supernatural In American Fiction And Soceity â€Å"The most established and most grounded feeling of humankind is dread, and the most established and most grounded kind of dread is dread of the unknown.†1 Therefore, it bodes well that if humans can't endure the obscurity, they [should not] not go there. In the event that man loathes â€Å"black night and yawning chasms,†2 at that point would it be advisable for him to not by any means think about them? Shouldn’t man search out the daylight? The cure is exceptionally straightforward: Avoid the murkiness and look for the light. Be that as it may, no. Humanity could never submit to this. He will promptly go to the obscurity. Drawn by his own ropes of dread and yearning, man will envision that he is worn out on the light and his little, natural world.3 â€Å"No measure of justification... or on the other hand Freudian analysis† can defeat â€Å"the rush of the smokestack corner murmur or the desolate wood.†4 Why? Youngsters will consistently fear the dull and men will continuously shiver at what they don't see, yet everybody will keep on looking for it.5 Perhaps it is on the grounds that society, especially American culture as a result of its history, accepts the last revulsions are apparitions and devils, when genuinely it is the concealed parts of its own soul.6 As reflected by its writing, American culture has constantly held a profound interest with the otherworldly. Proof of this is seen all through American history, from the Puritan period ahead. In present day society, one would feel that there isn’t wherever for dream and strange notions, however the United States is brimming with individuals who are persuaded that clairvoyants can foresee their future, they have phantoms living in their homes, outsiders visit the Earth in flying saucers, and indeed, even that they can converse with the dead.7 People have faith in the heavenly in light of the fact that they need to accept, on the grounds that it satisfies them, regardless of whether those convictions exist against rationale or contradicting evidence.8 In Detroit, â€Å"ghost-busting is back enormous time,† with â€Å"at least five ‘ghost hunting’ clubs† jumping up in the metro area.9 The Great ...

Satire in Tortilla Curtain - Literature Essay Samples

The issue of immigration and American attitudes towards it are the object of satire in T.C Boyles novel ‘Tortilla Curtain’. Boyle uses sarcasm to attack what he sees as the self-obsessed nature of middle-class America and their naà ¯ve view of the world. He laments the extent to which the United States seems out of touch with problems in the rest of the world. The authors use of irony depicts a breakdown of human society fuelled by fear and jealous materialism, but the continuing interdependence of human beings is also portrayed throughout the novel.The self-absorbed nature of modern American society is depicted through Boyles use of sarcasm. The character Celaney, who epitomises liberal middle-America, magnifies his own problems out of proportion. This can be seen in the tone of disbelief when Delaney, a â€Å"liberal humanist with a freshly waxed Japanese car† (p1) hits a Mexican. The tone turns to one annoyance as he asks: â€Å"Why did this have to happen to him?† (p6). Boyles sarcastic tone when describing Delanyes troubles clearly shows how Delaney bemoans his own problems whilst ignoring that of the Mexican. Tortilla Curtain depicts American society as desiring a secure view of the world. On many occasions in the novel, the liberal middle-class residents of Arroyo Blanco avoid addressing complex social issues, as can be seen in Delaneys desperate enthusiasm for clear-cut issues and morality: â€Å"This was what mattered. Principle an issue as clear-cut as the on/off switch† (p152). The simplicity of this view reflects Boyles belief that the world is actually very complex. Also suggested is the lack of moral direction that lies behind a desire to see the world in simple terms. This disconnection with reality can also be seen in Boyles attack on the highbrow interests of the affluent. Through ironic symbolism, Boyle denounces the affluent as hypocritical and out of touch in their support of liberal views. An example of th is can be seen in the issue of the coyote, which symbolises environmental conservation, but is also allegorical of Mexican immigrants. It is ironic when Delaney, who progressively becomes anti-immigration, declares: â€Å"The coyote is not to blame he is only trying †¦ to make a living â€Å" (p214). Astonishing to the reader is the way Delaney sympathises with the wild coyote but cannot do the same with his fellow man.Satirical attacks of other liberal interests can also be seen in Delaneys encounter with Candido. Confronted with the badly-injured Candido, Delaney is helpless. He cannot even communicate as Candido is speaking Spanish, to which Delaneys â€Å" four years of high school French† give him â€Å"little access.† (p8) The irony that American schools would teach French, widely considered the language of sophistication, but not Spanish is not wasted on Boyle who uses it to reflect Americas lack of interest in Mexico and its problems. This satirisation o f the liberal middle-class can be seen to be part of Boyles commentary on trends in modern society and the persistence of cultural barriers and prejudices.The novel expresses Boyles concern at the growing disconnectedness and fragmentation of community in modern society. The affluent residents of Arroyo Blanco are often wary of society as a result of jealously guarding their wealth. The irony of their fears and actions can be seen when Delaney instructs the workmen to shut the gate: â€Å"we wouldnt want any of the neighbourhood kids wandering in† (p243). Even as the wall is constructed to make the Arroyo Blanco community safer, the apranoia of the residents is undiminished; they turn on each other, as implied above. This trend in society is diagnosed by Boyle to be part of a shift towards materialism.The Tortilla Curtain promotes the view that societal breakdown is due to increasing materialism. This can be seen in Boyles parody of the community organisation: â€Å"Arroyo B lanco Property Association†. This is a meeting where no-one seems to know anyone else. Moreover, consumeristic tendencies can be seen in the name: the residents are not united through friendship but through the ownership of property.Despite the problems the novel highlights, Boyles use of satire also reminds readers of humanitys interdependence. Amidst all the anti-Mexican sentiment perpetuated by Arroyo Blanco residents, Boyle notes that Candido â€Å" go work once hauling rock for a wall some lady was building around her property.† (p181) The statement shows, heavy with irony, that immigrants have a practical and valuable place in society. In addition the ending of the novel depicts Candido saving Delaney from drowning. When taken in combination, these passages promote the authors view that human beings are dependent on each other, practically and emotionally and that this dependence transcends both race and class.The Tortilla Curtain as a satire is scathing in its a ttack on contemporary American middle-class values which Boyle sees as individualistic, puerile and avant-garde. Readers look on with concern at the novels portrayal of the modern worlds broken society; fragmented through pursuit of material wealth and the fear of losing it. This dystopian vision is however tempered by the depiction of human interdependency which Boyle believes will overcome the social and economic divides of the present. By satirizing of the issue of United States immigration Boyle has identified many contemporary societal problems. His ridicule of the conflict between rich and poor, illegal and citizen is applicable not only to United States society but to Western society in general.

Issue Of Freedom In Kings I Have a Dream - Free Essay Example

Dr. Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream In I Have a Dream (1963), Martin Luther King Jr. justifies the importance of African Americans civil rights in the United States where many white citizens of the free nation criticize and oppress people who are not the same color as they are. Kings purpose is portraying to his audience, with great confidence, that there will be great opportunities for the future generations, both black and white, because of the actions they took at that time. Throughout the speech, he adopts an optimistic tone in order to unite people and stand for his cause, saying all of Gods children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing (42). Martin Luther starts his famous speech by stating the fact that blacks are not free and are still being treated unjustly a hundred years after the civil war is over. He appeals to their sense of unity by stating that the community of black people are on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity (3) and that one hundred years later, the life of the negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation (3). He reflects on his and the audiences history in this time in order to emphasize that nothing has changed, the negro still is not free (3). This contemplation upon history conveys a sympathetic tone for his fellow brothers and sisters about how their race has overcome so many obstacles and hardships. Emphasizing one hundred years later, King uses anaphora to portray that after a whole century of freedom, negro lives in a country where they are dramatized in a shameful condition (3).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He then shifts to addressing the idea that blacks have been denied liberty and that their current situation is urgent and can only be solved through the delivery of justice. He then uses the metaphor, weve come to our nations capital to cash a check (4), to compare a check to their equal civil rights and that America has given the negro people a bad check (4). He refuses that the bank of justice is bankrupt (5) in order to ignite his audiences confidence in their nationalistic plans to unite all people and stating that Now is the time to lift our nation from the quick-sands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood (6). This gain in moral support conveys a forthright tone that tells the black people that there is change that needs to happen and that it needs to happen now. Martin Luther uses a metaphor relating their situation to a bank so that the audience will understand his ideas as well as further simplify the topic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Next, King says that there is nothing to feel bad about trying to gain your rights. Furthermore, he states that whites and blacks freedom is interconnected, and there is no turning back from the issue. He then urges them to always march ahead (11) portraying their strength and loyalty to one another and that their communities are not alone. He illustrates to them a sense of unity, not just with the negro community, but also with their white brothers so they realize their destiny is tied up with our destiny (9). With the reinforcement of white brothers, King portrays a vibrant tone for all supporters of equal rights and how they should stand strong together and never quit to the enemy. To exemplify his main point, he uses the connection to the readers pathos. He uses emotion by making a reference to religion to join people together and create a sense of unity. The speaker then shifts to the question that most people ask them about their civil rights, When will you be satisfied? and presents the answer to the question that they will never be justified with the current situation that they have. He appeals to their urgency of change by stating that we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream (13). He asks them to help him and his fellow brethren back to their cities where the ghettos and slums are, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed (14). Martin Luther King once again uses anaphora as in the first section saying, we can never to further illustrate how they cannot stay at the situation where our children are stripped of their selfhood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating, For Whites Only (13). Rounding up, he says his hopes and dreams for the future of the United States, how it will affect the youth, and how they will treat each other. He appeals to their hope and dreams for their future illustrating that, one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood (18). He continues to state that he dreams of bringing black and white people together without criticism and tension. King uses a pleasant tone to reassure his audience that they want to live with white people in harmony not drive them away. Multiple ethics as well as emotional ties is used to connect more with the audience by making himself credible while also including emotion to make him more believable and trustworthy. Finally, he shares his dream, with confidence that for every hill, mountain, and slope, freedom should be heard all across the vast country and that everybody should be hearing it. All people of different race and different religions. King proclaims that freedom should ring from every corner of the country appealing to their relationship with one another regardless of race and religion. King concludes his speech with an inspiring and influential tone to guarantee his audience that they will continue to assimilate the boundaries of segregation. He also uses anaphora and pathos to highlight the fact that most of their struggles have gone behind them and the future is glistening with freedom. In Kings conclusion, he says, Free at Last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last! (44)

Company Profile Bigmak - 2066 Words

L.C. BIGMAK BURGER, INC. Company Profile Lucena City, Quezon Philippines, 4301 CORPORATE HEAD OFFICE : SPC Compound, Diversion Road, Domoit, Lucena City 4301 CONTACT NUMBERS : Telephone Numbers Fax Number : (042) 373-5664 / 660-3655 / 373-0592 : (042) 373-7457 EMAIL ADDRESS : lcbmi01@yahoo.com WEBSITE : http://www.lcbigmak.com FOUNDING DATE : November 8, 1984 OWNERSHIP : Founded and operated - 100% Filipino INDUSTRY : Retail and Food Service NETWORK : Over 800 outlets with 12 branches nationwide BRANCH LOCATIONS NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES : ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · AGOO VIGAN ISABELA/CAGAYAN TARLAC BICOL CALABARZON MINDORO CEBU PANAY ISLANDS NEGROS SAMAR/LEYTE - Agoo, La Union Bantay, Ilocos Sur San Fermin, Cauayan, Isabela San†¦show more content†¦This building became the new office and production area. At this time, the LC Big Mak Burger, Inc. had thirty (30) outlets that served the public from Lucena City to San Pablo and other various towns of Quezon, Batangas, Laguna and and eventually had gone up to more than 100 outlets in Calabarzon areas. Starting the year 1988 and for the succeeding next five (5) years, LC Big Mak Burger, Inc. ventured into more branches in Metro Manila and nearby towns of Cavite, Rizal and Bulacan. Neopolitan areas covered more than 50 outlets. Going to the North up to Tarlac, La Union and Ilocos. Expansion has widespread that it covered sideways of the eastern part of Luzon to Isabela and Cagayan. Total outlets established were more than 200 outlets. Within these five (5) years of operation, LC Big Mak Burger, Inc. has covered the entire Luzon. These expansion programs were brought rapidly by the profitable venture and increased sales. The company acquired properties in Tarlac, Isabela and in Quezon City, which housed the branch offices, bakeries and depots. Several food centers were also opened on these periods. During the same period, due to the continuing expansion coverage of area of operation, the demands for additional delivery and transport service was needed. The management created a trucking and motor pool service to support its operation, thus the MDL Trucking Services (which was named after their 3 children, Mark, Dave

Persuasive Essay About Lying - 1081 Words

Admit it, we have all lied. If you think you have never told a lie in your life, then you’re already lying to yourself. Lying is one of the most common behaviors, and a part of human nature. Lying happens all around us, and every minute a lie is being told. Our parents teach us not to practice the lies of deception, yet as we grow up, we pick up the habit of lying, and do it all the time. We lied to our friends, family, peers, and teachers; feeling no remorse. Lying has become so common that it has become difficult to differentiate on what s the truth or a lie. Some lies may be beneficial or doesn’t cause harm, however it can have serious consequences with lingering effects. One of the main causes of lying is avoiding trouble. As a young†¦show more content†¦Some were instructed to write Mark as likeable, others unlikeable, and the rest would decide what was their overall impression. Then the remaining participants would watched videos about Mark, which they co uld leave anytime. Some videos were good to bad, and the other videos bad to good. As a result, Trivers discovered that most people left when they heard the likeable part of Mark, and rated the likeable part more believable. It seems like when there’s a likeable quality, it’s easy to convince ourselves and others that we have a good image. We look for the good qualities because we always try to look the good in people.We enhance our self to be the person that everyone likes, but in the end, we just end up deceiving ourselves like living a parallel world. Another reason why we lie is the activity in the brain. According to a study published by the Natural Neuroscience, they devised a clever study where partners would tell the truth or lie on the amount of coins or money in a jar. They tested their dishonest tendencies, while scanning their brains in an FMRI machine during the test. They found that when people were dishonest, an activity in a part of the brain called the amygdala-the hub of emotional processing and arousal-change. This is important because as you lie continuously, the amygdala becomes less active, and the conflict of emotionsShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay About Lying821 Words   |  4 Pageslike Immanuel Kant explains that all lies are unjustified, whereas Randy Cohen and Bella Depaulo express their professional opinion that lying is usually justified. Lying is sometimes justified due to being able to protect others, being able to get out of a life and death situation, and has the ability to hurt relationships. First of all, the best way to use lying is to protect others. Granted, it is known that if you can’t keep up with the lie then it will cause extra stress on your life, so lieRead MoreDishonesty In The Ways We Lie By Langston Hughes1368 Words   |  6 Pagespromptly. Factions of lying, especially those not ordinarily considered deceit, are presented, and personal anecdotes as well as historical precedents magnify personal appeal along with logic. The purpose of this essay is to encourage people to abstain from dishonesty. For illustration, the author states,†I cannot seem to escape the voice deep inside me that tells me when someone lies, someone loses...We must consider the meaning of our actions.† In contrast, Hughes’s essay is entirely personal.Read MoreA Book That Changed My Life Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesYoung children are often taught that lying is one of the most wicked sins that an elementary-aged student could commit. Somewhere along the transition from kindergarten to adulthood, this fact is often forgotten, or at the very least, bent. Suddenly lying becomes a thing of habit, and why not? We live in a world founded on metaphorical cannibalism. 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He was called an irrational man within the halls of his own home in Manhattan, putting Allen in a new kind of spotlight. After ending his twelve-year relationship with Mia Farrow, accusations arose claiming that Mr. Allen had molested the couples adopted daughter Dylan when she was seven. However, despite the precarious circumstances in which the allegations arose, bothRead MoreThe Basic Myth Of Our Culture Is That Consumption Is The Goal Of Life1176 Words   |  5 Pagesadvertisers use persuasive advertisements to manipulate the relationship between people and objects to maximise the appeal of the product (McFall 36). Products are linked with a particular feeling. Although advertising agencies effectively sell products which benefit companies, they have an adverse effect on the masses as they enforce societal stereotypes. In order to understand advertising’s effect, it is important to look over how advertising has progressed through the years. This essay will discussRead MoreThe Use Of Brutality And Persuasion1626 Words   |  7 Pagesnumber one priority that should be thought about prior to any form of interrogation Interviewing is the suspect’s rights and privacy are to be respected. However in some cases police have failed in investigation and interrogation and in rare circumstances have diverged off protocol, therefore resulting in not having done their job professionally (Inbau, 1961). In this short essay I will provide an example of when this has occurred. Although you hear about police brutality and failed integrationsRead MoreUnreliable Narrator1567 Words   |  7 Pagesneed to sit tight and receive everything from the narrator. Unreliable narrators can be classified into two main categories, those cannot be fully trusted because they do not understand what they are narrating (Robert Walton) or those who are simply lying to the readers to suit their needs or justify their faults (Victor Frankenstein). In Frankenstein, Mary Shelley used unreliable narrators to tell the story, to make the readers question the truth told by different narrators and created a huge roomRead MoreOrwell And Shooting An Elephant1765 Words   |  8 Pagesif he should shoot the elephant. He does not want to, but at the same time, if he didn’t, he knows that the Burmese people would dislike him more than they already do. Orwell does not want the elephant to suffer a painful death. By the end of the essay, he decided to shoot the elephant, and as a result, he began experiencing conflict with his emotions. Through the use of rhetorical appeals, Hughes and Orwell both argue that peer pressure can cause you to do things you may not believe in. Using rhetoricalRead MoreThe Debate On Constitutional Interpretation1730 Words   |  7 Pagesbehind the words: what the Framers and ratifiers meant in each statement and how they might apply their words to cases before them. This position was one in which Justice Antonin Scalia firmly believed and adhered to in his time on the Court. In an essay by Edward Meese III, the former Attorney General analyzed the debate on Constitutional interpretation since the beginning of Constitutional history. He frames the debate in a context of one between an originalist form of jurisprudence, one which he

Environmental Scan Paper - 1535 Words

Environmental Scan Paper Christine Jennings MGT/498 Jacqueline Limonta November 17, 2014 Environmental Scan The concept of environmental scanning is important because of the short term and long term success of a company. This tool helps companies scan, monitor, evaluate, and forecast the internal and external parts of the company. In order to obtain an accurate assessment of the internal and external variables of a company, the business managers would have to use a SWOT analysis to develop awareness to different of the company. For example, the company could want to measure consumer behavorior, competitor behavior, and current trends in their marketplace. Environmental Scan and SWOT Analysis The information discovered from†¦show more content†¦After conducting an environmental scan on Nike, this research has discovered that Nike has placed their organization in the best position to sustain their reputation as the world’s leader of athletic shoes and apparel. Nike Incorporated has limited competition because no athletic shoe company can sustain the level of innovation and excellence that Nike has done over the years. A.O. Smith Water Products Company A.O. Smith Water Products Company is one of the world’s leading manufacturers of residential and commercial water heating equipment and technology. Because of the company’s engineering excellence and customer service, A.O. Smith has been able to expand the business operations into more than 60 foreign territories by increasing the development of their water heating equipment by way of innovative technology and acquiring different domestic, global partnerships, and acquisitions. To establish and sustain the success they have already achieved, the business leaders at A.O. Smith implemented a vision that would allow their organization â€Å"to be the global leader in applying innovative technology and energy efficient solutions that provide comfort and convenience to life† (A.O. Smith, 2008). A.O. Smith’s company vision has allowed the organization to net annual sales of $1.49 Billion (2010) and $1.71 Billion (2011) with earnings of $57.3 million and $111.2Show MoreRelatedEnvironmental Scan Paper1539 Words   |  7 PagesEnvironmental Scan Paper MGT/498 July 22, 2015 Environmental Scan Paper The evaluating, monitoring, and disseminating of information from internal and external environments to key people within the corporation is called environmental scanning. (Wheelen and Hunger. 2010) Environmental scanning helps an organization identify relevant factors and use those factors to obtain a competitive advantage within the environment. The author will discuss how an organization creates value and sustainsRead MoreEnvironmental Scan Paper1272 Words   |  6 PagesEnvironmental Scan Paper There are internal and external elements that help a corporation determine their future. 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Symbolism And Symbolism In Lord Of The Flies By William...

*hook* A symbol is defined as a literary device where an object, person, or situation has a deeper meaning in the context of the whole story. Throughout the novel, author William Golding includes symbolism that hints at irony, foreshadowing, and a variety of themes. These symbols contribute to the depth and meaning of the story, allowing the characters to act under their influence. In Lord of the Flies, there is a numerous amount of symbols, such as the signal fire, the conch, and the ritual. The signal fire possesses many symbolic meanings essential to the story, Lord of the Flies. In the beginning of the novel, Ralph started a signal fire and instructed some of the boys to tend it. He used its smoke to show a sign of life on the island†¦show more content†¦The shell was discovered by Ralph and Piggy on the beach in the first chapter. Because it was used to unite the boys after the plane crash, the conch became a symbol of civilization, power, and order. In assemblies, the conch gave the power of speech to whoever held it. When meetings were called, the boys listened to those who possessed the shell, as they still respected the â€Å"rule of the conch.† Even Jack, who was not in favor of most rules, he respected the conch, as he â€Å"laid the conch with great care in the grass at his feet† after a meeting (127). Golding uses the conch as a reminder that tools of power are worthless without given meanings from the people. Without agreement to them, rules are powerless and serve no purpose to society, just like the conch. The conch was only an object before the boys gave it a purpose. Its power diminishes throughout the novel as Jack and his tribe disregard its rules and descend into savagery, thus making it useless. As well as the conch, the ritual dance developed in the story is also an important symbol. Another significant symbol in Lord of the Flies is Jack’s ritual. The ritual dance and chant symbolizes the savagery and primitive religion that Jack and his tribe developed during the novel. At first, however, Jack used the ritual as a fun way to escape the hardships and new reality of the island. Its excitement and sense of belonging attracted other boys to Jack’s new method ofShow MoreRelatedSymbolism in Lord of the Flies by William Golding1153 Words   |  5 PagesGonzalo Barril Merino 3EMC Lord of the Flies Essay Describe the use of symbolism in Lord of the Flies By understanding symbols, you get a better picture of the novel â€Å"Lord of the Flies† and the hidden messages and references to human nature and a criticism of society. The author, William Golding, uses a huge amount of symbolism to reflect society of the outer world with the island. Symbols of fire, the conch and water are described all throughout the novel. Fire represents hope, strength and knowledgeRead MoreSymbolism In Lord Of The Flies By William Golding743 Words   |  3 Pages Symbolism in novels incorporate factors into the story which are understood but unstated. In the Lord of the Flies, William Golding uses symbolism to express the sanity and emotions of the boys stranded on the island. The boys used fire to cook and as a signal for any ships at sea in an attempt for rescue. The fire’s diverse intensities exemplify the authority Ralph or Jack hold over the boys which affects the group’s overall conscience. When the fire is kept at a constant level, Ralph and JackRead MoreSymbolism in Lord of the Flies by William Golding1159 Words   |  5 PagesGonzalo Barril Merino 3EMC Lord of the Flies Essay Describe the use of symbolism in Lord of the Flies By understanding symbols, you get a better picture of the novel â€Å"Lord of the Flies† and the hidden messages and references to human nature and a criticism of society. The author, William Golding, uses a huge amount of symbolism to reflect society of the outer world with the island. Symbols of fire, the conch and water are described all throughout the novel. Fire represents hope, strengthRead MoreEssay on Symbolism in Lord of the Flies, by William Golding912 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism in Lord of the Flies, by William Golding In his classic novel, Lord of the Flies, William Golding uses many elements of symbolism to help the readers gain a greater understanding of his message. Symbolism can be anything, a person, place, or thing, used to portray something beyond its self. It is used to represent or foreshadow the conclusion of the story. As one reads this novel, he or she will begin to recognize the way basic civilization is slowly stripped away from the boys as conflictRead MoreThe Use of Symbolism in The Lord of the Flies by William Golding1943 Words   |  8 PagesThe Use of Symbolism in The Lord of the Flies by William Golding A symbol is something concrete that represents another thing or idea. In Lord Of The Flies a lot of things we encounter are given symbolic meaning by the way the author William Golding uses them. The book it’s self is named after a symbol, the words â€Å"Lord Of The Flies† translated means â€Å"Beelzebub† which is another word for â€Å"the devil† the book was named after the devil because evil has a large influenceRead MoreSymbolism Analysis Of Lord Of The Flies By William Golding2013 Words   |  9 Pages Symbolism Analysis of Lord of the Flies â€Å"Lord of the Flies† is a novel written by William Golding which shows the reader dark situations throughout the play of the book. In this novel, boys are completely isolated from civilization and rules. The theme portrays ‘civilization vs savagery’, questioning if civilization fade away without the positive views of rules. Lord of the Flies gives the reader an idea of how humanity’s form can shape throughout different life threatening situations. GoldingRead MoreThe Symbolism of the Conch Shell in Lord of the Flies by William Golding1086 Words   |  5 PagesThe Symbolism of the Conch In Lord of the Flies, several symbols are used to illustrate important ideas that are crucial to the plot and meaning of the book. One of these symbols is the conch: this rare shell is not only a precious and expensive in the world of merchandise; it also holds a dark and mysterious power over a group of English boys, lost on an island with no adults, clues, or means of escape. The boys set up a civilization and try to live in the society they have set up. This systemRead MoreThe Symbolism of Masks in Lord of the Flies by William Golding848 Words   |  4 Pagessomehow the human fascination of applying them to their face makes them seem all the more fun, and interesting. This newfound interest could even leak through to the mind beneath, giving way to a whole new person. In his 1954 novel, Lord of the Flies, William Golding illustrated this idea in a way that captured the hearts of many and led the story to fame, concocting a reality that had since resided only in the nightmares of children. Inventing a world in which masks of paint were not a fun thingRead MoreSymbolism Of Fire In Lord Of The Flies By William Golding983 Words   |  4 Pagesmost rational of the group, and Ralph, the leader of all the kids, fire and a pair of bifocals are solely used for survival. Jack on the other hand, who is the leader of the savages, uses fire to harm and control others around him. Lord of the Flies by William Golding acquires an elaborate way to develop deeper meanings of each of the symbols especially fire and Piggy’s glasses. The symbolic meaning of fire is demonstrated throughout the book in many different fashions but mainly it is portrayedRead MoreUnderstood Objects of Symbolism in the Novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding716 Words   |  3 PagesIn every novel, an object may represent something other than what it actually is. Lord of the Flies of by William Golding has several of these objects in it. An explanation for what objects hold symbolic meaning is would be like how snow may represent delight and happiness for a child. These objects also add side stories and add detail to the novel. Three objects that hold immense symbolic meaning in Lord of the Flies are the beast, the conch, and the signal fire. To begin with, one object that

The Son Of A General Essay Research free essay sample

The Son Of A General Essay, Research Paper Son of A General He is Korea # 8217 ; s deadly arm. To the Japanese, he s the most wanted. Can you think whom? Yes, you re right! He may be viewed as one of the most outstanding heroes of Korean History. He was the boy of a celebrated General and he led one of the biggest Korean Mafia of all time. By the name of Kim Doo-Han, he is recognized by many people today of the twentieth century. Why is this cat so of import? During the old ages when Korea was under the regulation of Japan, many nationalists fought for independency ; and one most darling hero was Kim Doo-Han. In the beginning, Kim was an orphan and was most likely to hold been influenced by many of the foreigners, which was his get downing point as a hood. As he grew older, Kim became to be known as the. We will write a custom essay sample on The Son Of A General Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jjang x, ( intending the foreman ) , of ChongNo, one of the largest districts owned by the Japanese. Kim Doo-Han feared no 1, but everyone feared him. Whenever people heard the name.Kim Doo-Han x, they would bow their caputs down and his victims would gross out out. The Japan s Hayashi coterie targeted Kim and his packs in order to take over ChongNo, which held the most powerful pack of Korea. In add-on, this bothered the Nipponese from occupying Korea. Kim couldn T allow this go on for he was excessively good of a combatant that barely anyone took him down.At foremost, Kim Doo-Han used his strength and contending accomplishments to demo off. He was a natural-born combatant and since he knew that, he would travel around crushing up other Mafia leaders. However, he had to larn from right to wrong # 8211 ; contending for a ground and to find when it is a good clip to contend. Until Park Sung-Gi, a novelist, influenced Kim Doo-Han to contend in behalf of his fellow Koreans. Although Ki m couldn t read or compose, he d inquire person else to read him one of Park s greatest novels back in those yearss. When Hayashi, a Nipponese Yakuza leader in Korea, started doing problem in ChongNo, many people thought that Korea came to an terminal. It was so when Kim Doo-Han fought for his state, but besides for his pride, that people handed over their hopes to him for the triumph of independency against the Japanese. Although Kim was sent to imprison several times, he got out so easy because he was such a epic figure to many Koreans. Furthermore, a Nipponese General for his courage and contending for his loving adult females favored him. Kim Doo-Han went through love to detest, win to lose, and crushing to acquiring round. For case, Kim was caught by the Hayashi clique many times and was beaten down until the Hayashi s thought he d learn non to trouble oneself them. Of class he wouldn Ts have gave up merely like that. The mighty Kim Doo-Han did anything to convey back his lovers from them and to melt away the coterie. Finally one twenty-four hours, he gathered all his packs in Korea for a larg e street battle against the Hayashi. Many people were hurt or either dead during the battle. The bulls came to collar the people involved in the battle, while Kim Doo-Han ran away killing two Nipponese investigators. Finally, Kim became a fleeting and during his hideaway at ManJu, he had many battles with Chinese savages, which in fact increased his popularity outside of Korea. Unfortunately after the large battle, many Korean packs backed off and allied with the Hayashi coterie, and the staying anti-Japanese were the ChongNo Mafia led by Kim. With the aid of his followings and his friends, particularly.Wangcho x and Kim Dong-Yi, he went back to ChongNo and there the Hayashi got on their articulatio genuss. Therefore the Japanese were losing their pride and started withdrawing from Korea.

The Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini Essay Example For Students

The Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini Essay In his Novel, The Kite Runner, author Khaled Hosseini writes about a young boy named Amir who is a coward, but later in life redeems himself. Redemption is what Amir thirst, for as a wilted plant seeking water in the scorching heat of summer. Like a lotus flower that grows out the mud and blossoms above the muddy water surface, so too does Amir rise above his defilements and sufferings of life. Growing up in Afghanistan, Amir is blessed with the fruits of luxury and the friendship of Hassan. Baba who is Amir’s father is an incredibly wealthy man but seems to admire Hassan for his courage and â€Å"manliness†, a trait that lacks in Amir’s character. Baba spends his life on helping the poor by building an orphanage, feeding people on the streets. He was hoping to redeem himself before he passes away from this world. Baba changed the future of his family when he decided to hide the fact that Hassan is his son. His honor didn’t let him reveal the truth that he is ashamed of. From the beginning of the story, he was trying to grow Amir as a â€Å"real man† who stands up for himself and also for somebody else when it is needed. Like he stood up for a woman who was about to get raped â€Å"Haven’t I taught you anything?† (Baba, 116) and also while he was dying, Amir asked what he is going to do without his father? Baba responded: â€Å"All those years that’s what I was try. .he people who would have given their lives for us(Amir, 226). Rahim Khan is the key character in the novel because he led Amir into the path of realization and forgiveness. He was like a second father for Amir, his knowledge about Baba’s secret was making it easy for him to understand Amir. â€Å"I know how hard your father was on you when you were growing up, I saw you suffered and yearned for his affections and my heart bled for you (Rahim Khan, 301). Eventually, both characters find peace in their life, they learned that there is a way to be good again if they strive for the important values in life that gives the real meaning of redemption. â€Å"A true redemption is when the guilt leads to good† (Rahim Khan, 302). If you dedicate yourself to a commitment like these characters, you have already become one of the good people who worth be loved thousand times over.

Problem set Essay Example

Problem set Essay Problem set BY lu19920218 ECE 302 Problem Set 9 Fall 2013 The following problems have been selected from the course text. 4. 78 In a large collection of wires, the length of a wire is X, an exponential random variable with mean 511 cm. Each wire is cut to make rings of diameter 1 cm. Find the probability mass function for the number of complete rings produced by each length of wire. 4. 85 The exam grades in a certain class have a Gaussian pdf with mean m and standard deviation o. Find the constants a and b so that the random variable Y = ax + has a Gaussian pdf with mean m and standard deviation o . 4. 86, 4. 87 Let X = U n where n is a positive integer and U is a uniform random variable in the unit interval. Find the cdf and pdf of X. Repeat for the case where U is uniform in the interval [-1, 1]. 4. 94 modified Let Y = a where X is uniformly distributed in the interval (-1/2, 1/2). a. Show that Y is a Cauchy random variable. b. Find the pdf of Z = IN . 4. 96 Find the pdf of X† In(l U where U is a uniform random variable in (O, 1). . 9 modified Let X be a random variable with mean m. Compare the Chebyshev inequality and the exact probability for the event {IX m I c} as a function of c for the case where: a. X is a uniform random variable in the interval b]; b. X has pdf fX(x) = 2 exp(-alxl); c. X is a zero mean Gaussian random variable with variance 0 2 . 4. 100 Let X be the number of successes in n Bernoulli trials where the probability of success is p. Let Y = X/n be the average number of successes per trial. We will write a custom essay sample on Problem set specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Problem set specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Problem set specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Apply the Chebyshev inequality o the event {IY pl a}. What happens as n †+ m? 4. 102 a. Find the characteristic function of the random variable X uniformly distributed over b). b. Find the mean and variance of X by applying the moment theorem. 4. 105 modified a. Show that the characteristic function of a Gaussian random variable X with mean m and variance 0 2 is 22 OX (w) = eJmw-o 12 . the characteristic function of Y = ax + b, a = O, where X is a Gaussian random variable. Hint: use the definition of (w), namely, OY (w) = E[eJwY ].

MBA Admissions Essay Sample

MBA Admissions Essay SampleIf you're on the lookout for an MBA admissions essay sample, you're in luck. We've gathered a few of the most popular and well known samples to help you when you're writing your own.'College Admissions Essay' by a Modern Parent: The authors discuss their history of raising children in this essay, including how they met their spouse. It's short, but it offers great insights into a parent's parenting style. Read it for inspiration!'You Could Be My Son or Daughter' by a Modern Parent: This essay is one that every parent should have a copy of. Not only does it contain a lot of useful tips, but it's also a lighthearted look at your children and why it's important to raise them as a single parent. An essential addition to any college admission essays collection. Recommended by both parents and teachers.'Thank You' From an MBA Admissions Student: It seems that almost everyone has written their own MBA admissions essay. This one focuses on why a student needs the a dmission letter in the first place. Why it was written? Why it was passed on?'Professionalism and Creativity' by an MBA Admissions Student: In this essay, you'll see just how important it is to use words that will entice and inspire. They will not only help to get your reader interested, but they will help the admissions committee to see what you're really about.'A Note About Writing,' by an MBA Admissions Student: The author shows just how much you can learn from studying admissions essays. Things you learn are things that you may find in this essay. While it is not something you'd want to use on its own, it can serve as an introduction to some of the best practices that you can use when writing your own.There are many more great MBA admissions essay samples out there. Which ones are your favorites? What is the one that you wish you could have read before you wrote yours?Getting ready to write your MBA admissions essay? Check out our guides and we'll tell you what it takes to ace t his big job. This article was written by Rachel Cavanagh and Felicia Robinson.

Apability as a Source of the Heterogeneit Essay Example

Apability as a Source of the Heterogeneit Essay Example Apability as a Source of the Heterogeneit Paper Apability as a Source of the Heterogeneit Paper The objective of this paper is to incorporate the entrepreneurial view point into the framework of the resource-based view of strategic management. We firstly attempt to make a brief survey of the conceptual framework of the RBV, and formulize it in a static sense by contrasting it with the competitive forces approach.Secondly, we conduct a critical assessment of the RBV from a dynamic point of view. The concept of entrepreneur’s ability is distilled by this assessment, and the objective of corporate strategy is clarified as well. Finally, we suggest a new perspective of the RBV by amending it from an entrepreneurial viewpoint. Keywords: resource-based view, entrepreneurship, disequilibrium, capability, strategic management RITSUMEIKAN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Vol. 3, pp. 125-150 (2005). * Associate Professor, Faculty of Business Administration, Ritsumeikan University 126 RITSUMEIKAN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRSVol. 3 INTRODUCTION The pivot on which everything turns. (J. A. Schumpeter) Although the resource-based view (RBV) has emerged as one of the substantial theories of strategic management, it is said that it has overlooked the role of entrepreneurial strategies and entrepreneurial abilities as one of the crucial sources of the competitive advantage of a firm. Even today, when entrepreneurship research is in demand, most economic research, and consequently much of strategic management research, views entrepreneurship as the specter which haunts economic model. Baumol, 1997: 17) The main objective of this paper is to amend the RBV of strategic management from a dynamic point of view, in order to make up its insufficiency. Many scholars have attempted to investigate into the mechanism of sustainable competitive advantage of a firm through the RBV with original concepts such as core competence’ (e. g. , Hamel Praharad, 1994), dynamic capability’ (e. g. , Teece, Pisano Shuen, 1997) VRIO framework’ (Barney, 2002), capability lifecycle’ (Helfat Peteraf, 2003), and routine and skills’ (e. g. Nelson Winter, 1982), however, little work in RBV has been made to grasp the role of entrepreneurship as the crucial source of competitive advantage, despite the abilities of the entrepreneur are undoubtedly the principal human resource possessed by a firm (see Alvarez Barney, 2000 for an exception). This paper attempts to incorporate the theory of entrepreneurship into the RBV of strategic management, while critically dealing with the RBV from an entrepreneurial viewpoint. The paper is divided into three parts. First, a brief survey is given of the conceptual framework of the RBV.It is helpful for us to grasp the characteristics of its framework by contrasting it with the competitive forces approach (CFA) presented by Porter (1980) because it is said that the CFA explores the source of sustainable competitive advantage in the external environment of the firm (i. e. , attractiveness of industry where they are located), while the RBV pays attention to the internal resources of the firm (i. e. , the heterogeneous resources that a firm possesses). Second, we clarify the objectives of corporate strategy through a critical 2005The Critical Assessment of the Resource-Based View of Strategic Management TOKUDA 127 assessment of the RBV from both a static and a dynamic point of view. Barney’s fundamental concept of the RBV is examined. Third, we suggest a new perspective of the RBV by amending it from an entrepreneurial viewpoint. . STRATEGY AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF A FIRM Traditional research on strategic management suggests that firms need to seek a strategic fit between the external environment, for example opportunities and threats, and internal resources, for example strengths and weaknesses (e. . , Andrews, 1967; Itami, 1987). However, considerable emphasis has usually been given to a firm’s competitive environment and its competitive position (Das Teng, 2000). Considering the source of sustainable competitive advantage of a firm, it is widely accepted that the dominant viewpoint in the strategic management theory throughout the 1980s was the CFA presented by Porter (1980). His conceptual framework was mainly based on the structure-conduct-performance paradigm of the theory of industrial organization (Bain, 1959; Mason, 1949).It is no exaggeration to say that Porter (1980) specifically brings a concept of competition’ for the first time in strategic management theory. 1) The most innovative part of his work in this field is that he constructs a consistent framework for thought so as to examine concrete questions like how will a firm able to get a competitive advantage over its competitors? In the CFA, the industrial structure strongly influences the rules of competition, as well as the stra tegies potentially available to the firms belonging to that industry.Therefore the strategic issue for a firm seems to concern their competitive positioning in the industry. They seek a favor1) Broadly speaking, the strategic management theory before 1980s (pre-Porter period), which used to be called business policy’, had not been a body of theory with a consistent viewpoint yet. Its object was mainly to argue the management of the diversified firm. Hence, it was generally dealing with such an argument like, to which business should we give the priority to allocate our resources? or from which business should we withdraw our resources? In this stage, the strategy was no more than the citing list of procedures’ because the object of strategy went no further than merely arguing the analytical technique: growth matrix, effect of experience curve, product portfolio management, policy decision tree and so on, and the flowchart of its application which is needed when the st rategy has been drawing up. For instance, Hoffer and Schendel (1978), gave a comprehensive survey of past studies on the subject.They compile variety of analytical techniques and the flowchart of its application is indicated in their work. It is not thoroughly explained, however, why the process ought to be followed by such a flowchart. 128 RITSUMEIKAN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Vol. 3 able position in order to gain a monopoly rent (Teece, 1984), while avoiding involvement in competition or moderating competitive pressures by influencing industry structure and their competitors’ behavior.To help the firm find such a positioning in the industry, Porter (1980) advanced a fiveforce model’. This consists of five industry-level forces: i. e. , entry barriers, threat of substitution, bargaining power of supplier, bargaining power of buyer and rivalry among industry incumbents, which determine the inherent profit potential of an industry or sub-segment of it. However, a series of empirical surveys have failed to support the link between industrial structure and the performance of a firm.Some studies show the variance in firm performance between industries is substantially less than that within industries (e. g. , Jacobson, 1988; Hansen Wernerfelt, 1989; Rumelt, 1991). Others also identify systematic and significant performance differences among firms which belong to the same strategic group within an industry (Cool Schendel, 1988). Research has suggested that the internal resources of a firm rather than the external environment around the firm are possibly the primary source of performance differences among firms.This result is bringing a growing number of researchers to the RBV of strategic management to explain the differences by focusing their attention on resource heterogeneity in an industry and the source of sustainable competitive advantage of the firms. 2) . STRATEGY AND INTERNAL RESOURCES OF A FIRM Since the mid 1980s, the RBV has emerged as one o f the substantial theories of strategic management (Barney, 1986a; Rumelt, 1984; 2) According to Teece, et al. 1997: 514), an entry decision process of the CFA looks roughly as follows: (1) pick an industry (based on its structural attractiveness’); (2) choose an entry strategy based on conjectures about competitors’ rational strategies; (3) if not already possessed, acquire or otherwise obtain the requisite assets to compete in the market. From this perspective the process of identifying and developing the requisite assets is not particularly problematic. The process involves nothing more than choosing rationally among a well-defined set of investment alternatives.If assets are not already owned, they can be bought. On the contrary, the RBV assumes resource endorsement of a firm cannot equibrate through factor input markets. The entry decision process of the RBV is as follows: (1) identify your firm’s unique resources; (2) decide in which markets those resourc es can earn the highest rents; and (3) decide whether the rents from those assets and most effectively utilized by (a) integrating into related market(s), (b) selling the relevant intermediate output to related firms, or (c) selling the assets themselves to a firm in related businesses. 005 The Critical Assessment of the Resource-Based View of Strategic Management TOKUDA 129 Wernerfelt, 1984), even though it is said that the RBV does not presently appear to meet the empirical content criterion required of a theoretical system (Bacharach, 1989; Hunt, 1991; McKelvey, 1997; Priem Butler, 2001a,b). The increased attention to firms’ resources by researchers has seemed to be beneficial in helping to clarify the potential contributions of resources to competitive advantage, as well as to introduce strategy scholars to a number of useful descriptive theories from industrial rganization economics (e. g. , Alchian Demsetz, 1972, on teamwork’ production, or DeVany Saving, 198 3, on price as a signal of quality), and furthermore to alleviate a previous analytical overemphasis on the opportunities and threats that arise from the product side (Priem Butler, 2001a). The RBV suggests that the resources possessed by a firm are the primary determinants of its performance, and these may contribute to a sustainable competitive advantage of the firm (e. g. Hoffer Schendel, 1978; Wenerfelt, 1984). According to Barney (1991), the concept of resources includes all assets, capabilities, organizational processes, firm attributes, information, knowledge, etc. controlled by a firm that enable the firm to conceive of and implement strategies that improve its efficiency and effectiveness (Barney, 1991; Daft, 1983). In the early stage of the RBV, the main concern was to identify the characteristics of resources that are not subject to imitation by competitors.If the resources possessed by a firm can easily be replicated by competitors, even though the resources are the so urce of competitive advantage of the firm, then the advantage will not last long. Dierickx Cool (1989a) describe how the sustainability of a firm’s asset position hinges on how easily its resources can be substituted or imitated, and imitability is linked to the characteristics of the asset accumulation process: i. e. time compression diseconomies, asset mass efficiencies, inter-connectedness, asset erosion and casual ambiguity. In the same way, several other characteristics have been explored such as unique historical conditions, causal ambiguity (Reed DeFillippi, 1990), social complexity, isolating mechanism and so on (Barney, 1991; Lippman Rumelt, 1982; Rumelt, 1984). . CAPABILITY AS A SOURCE OF THE HETEROGENEITY Let us develop the concept of resources a little further.For instance, Grant (1991) notes the distinction between resources and capability as follows: 130 RITSUMEIKAN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Vol. 3 Resources are inputs into the production process†¦[they] inc lude items of capital equipment, skills of individual employees, patents, brand names, finance, and so on. But, on their own, few resources are productive. Productive activity requires the cooperation and coordination of teams of resources. A capability is the capacity for a team of resources to perform some task or activity. Grant, 1991: 118-19) In the same manner, Amit Schoemaker (1993) define resources as stocks of available factors that are owned or controlled by the firm, which are converted into final products or services. Capabilities, in contrast, refer to a firm’s capacity to deploy resources, usually in combination, using organizational processes, to produce a desired effect. 3) Hence, the presence of capability enables resources to begin to be utilized, and the potential for the creation of output arises.While resources are the source of a firm’s capabilities, capabilities are the main source of its competitive advantage (Grant, 1991). The important point o f this approach compared to the early stage of RBV is that, for the sake of gaining a sustainable competitive advantage, capability is regarded as more important than resources per se, and this implies that the firm-specific way of cooperation and coordination of resources causes the heterogeneity among firms in an industry. ) This thought can be theoretically traced back to Penrose’s (1959) work. According to her work, firm development is an evolutionary and cumulative process of resource learning, in which increased knowledge of the firm resources both helps create options for further expansion and increase absorptive capacity. Therefore, a major focus of her work lies in the application of resources. She regards a firm as more than an administrative unit, it is also a collection of productive resources which including both physical and 3) Stalk, et al. 1992) draw a distinction between a capability and a competence as follows: competencies and capabilities represent two dif ferent but complementary dimensions of an emerging paradigm for corporate strategy. Both concepts emphasize behavioral’ aspects of strategy in contrast to the traditional structural model. But whereas core competence emphasizes technological and production expertises at specific points along the value chain, capabilities are more broadly based, encompassing the entire value chain. Inthis respect, capabilities are visible to the customer in a way that core competencies rarely are (Stalk, et. al. , 1992: 66). ) To deepen the concept of capability, Grant (1991) invokes the concept of organizational routine’ from evolutionary theory (e. g. , Nelson, 1991). He views capability as a routine or a number of interacting routines, and organization as a huge network of routines. 2005 The Critical Assessment of the Resource-Based View of Strategic Management TOKUDA 131 human resources. According to Penrose, it is never resources’ per se that are the inputs’ in the pr oduction process, but only the services’ that the resource can render, that is: The services yielded by resources are a function of the way in which they are used? xactly the same resources when used for different purposes or in different ways and in combination with different types of or amounts of other resources provide a different service or set of services. The important distinction between resources and services is not their relative durability; rather it lies in the fact that resources consists of a bundle of potential services and can, for the most part, be define independently of their use, while services cannot be so defined, the very word service’ implying a function, an activity†¦it is largely in this distinction that we find the source of the uniqueness of each individual firm (1959: 25). ) The result of this is that the concept of capability’ is the capacity of a firm to convert resources they possess into the service’. The good service s might be produced by either good resources’ or average capability’/ average resources’ or good capability’, if capability were a type of score’ of capability, particular to each firm (e. g. , good firms have a high capability score’). The difference, or possibly the uniqueness, of a firm largely comes from these capabilities. . VULNERABILITY OF THE RBV After having made a brief survey of the conceptual framework of the RBV by ontrasting it with the CFA, we now attempt to clarify the objective of corporate strategy through a critical assessment of the RBV. Barney’s (1991) conceptual framework of the RBV has been used6), because 5) Foss (2005) notes that while the RBV is Penrosian in its emphasis on firm-level heterogeneity, most of Penrose’s basic themes ? flexibility in an uncertain world, organizational learning as an evolutionary discovery process, path-dependency, the vision of the management team, entrepreneurship, firm d ifferences being traceable to the efficiency with which resources are applied rather than to resources themselves, etc. seem to lie outside the orbit of the RBV, at least as its conceptual framework is clearly related to Demsetz’s (1973) competitive equilibrium model. 6) Referring to the SWOT framework, Barney defines resources as being valuable when they help seizing an opportunity in the firm’s environment or when they help neutralizing some threat in that environment, or at least shielding the firm against the threat. By resources 132 RITSUMEIKAN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Vol. 3 as Priem Butler (2001a) remark, many RBV proponents either paraphrase his statements or simply cite his articles (i. . , Barney, 1991), without an augmented definition (e. g. , Bates Flynn, 1995; Brush Artz, 1999; Lits, 1996; Powel, 1992a, b; Rindova Fombrun, 1999; Yeoh Roth, 1999), and operate under his framework in their conceptual and empirical work. 7) Barney’s (1991) remarks on the conditions that a firm produces competitive advantage8) may be paraphrased as follows: (a) resources must be valuable. (b) resources must be rare. Two points should be noted here regarding to the attributes of the competitive advantage of a firm.Firstly, Barney’s concept of valuable’ is an ambiguous criterion to measure the competitive advantage of a firm. Whether the resource is valuable or not should be measured by its profitability, and thus it ought to take the form of an economic asset regardless of how tangible or intangible it is. The value of any resource should be measured by the discounted value of the expected future income stream that can be attributed to it. 9) In the RBV the valuable attribute of a firm is taken as given. The being rare, Barney seems to have a simple counting sense (as distinct from an economic sense) in mind.Firms that control valuable and rare resources possess a competitive advantage and will be able to obtain a competitive advabta ge. If furthermore the relevant resources are non-imitable and non-substitutable a sustainable competitive advantage may be obtained. The non-imitability (or more correctly: costly-to-imitate) condition directs attention to whether (or, at which cost) competitor firms can acquire or accumulate resources with attributes and levels of attributes similar to some desired resource which produces a competitive advantage.The non-substitutability (or, costly-to-substitute) condition directs attention to whether (or, at which cost) competitor firms can access (different) resources that will allow them to implement the same strategies as some successful firm. According to Foss (2005), it is also these two criteria that allows Barney to define sustainable competitive advantage in terms of situations in which all attempts by competitor firms at imitating or substituting a successful firm have ceased. Thus, he notes that sustainable competitive advantage is a property of an equilibrium. ) Priem and Butler investigate whether the RBV arguments regarding competitive advantage meet the generally accepted criteria for classifying a set of statements as a theory, See Priem Butler (2001a, b) and also Barney’s counter-argument (Barney, 2001). 8) With regard to the sustainability, he notes the resource must be imperfectly imitable, and cannot be strategically equivalent substitutes for this resource. 9) This kind of argument has been well discussed in the theory of multinational corporations (i. e. an argumentation between OLI paradigm theorists and Internalization theorists regarding the handling of ownership advantage of a firm). See, e. g. , Casson (1987). 2005 The Critical Assessment of the Resource-Based View of Strategic Management TOKUDA 133 planning and investment necessary to build up such resources are exogenous in this framework. 10) This means there is the fear that the RBV will overstate the profitability of firms exploiting these resources, because they ignor e the cost of acquisition and accumulation.Therefore it is impossible for the RBV to explain why firms invest in such a valuable resource rather than in other type of resources (i. e. , Barney is conducting a cross sectional analysis of what the firms currently has, he is not discussing what they would need to do to obtain more or different resources in the future. Barney focuses here on content while other RBV authors have focused on process. He is not trying to explain why firms invest, he is trying to explain what firms have accumulated as of a specific point in time.However, other RBV researchers have considered why and how). In addition, if the firms want to realize their competitive advantage or maximize their profit from the resources they possess, they have to take into account of the demand-side characteristics that influence on the final price of their output. The values of resources are determined by demandside characteristics, and those are also exogenous to the RBV mode l (Priem Butler, 2001a, b).We never have a priori information on the competitive advantage among firms that will result in super-normal profit, on the contrary, we know a posteriori the existence of the competitive advantage by virtue of the existence of super-normal profit. After all, the emphasis is on how to sustain such a valuable resource over the long term without adequate appreciation of its economic value. Therefore it is open to criticism that the RBV contains a theory of sustainability but not a theory of competitive advantage (Priem Butler, 2001b).Secondly, the concept of a rare’ resource does not necessarily ensure the competitive advantage of the firm, even if that resource generates a large rent’ due to its relative scarcity. Rents are the prices of services yielded by resources (Lewin Phelan, 2002). In this phase rent is noth10) According to Petaraf (1993: 180), Firms with superior resources will earn rents†¦ It may be understood most clearly by assuming that firms with superior firms with superior resources have low average costs than other firms. We understand that superior resources may earn Ricardian type of rents, however in order to analyze the source of firm ustainable competitive advantage over rivalry, we should put not a rent’ but a profitability’ in question. And we cannot understand her ground why superior resources’ go to a low cost position’ (1993: 180). Superior resources must have accompanied a lot of investment until then due to its superiority, even though which is such an intangible assets as organizational culture (i. e. , Barney, 1986b), thus we cannot necessarily to say firms with superior firms with superior resources have low average costs than other firms’. 134RITSUMEIKAN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Vol. 3 ing more than the rental price of the service of the resource whether it is rare or not. After remunerating all the factors of production, no profit has been left to t he firm (Demsetz, 1973; Barney, 1986a; Rumelt, 1987). If there is a firm gaining profit from the resource, it is simply that the firm squeezes some part of the rent from the owner of the resources. Many RBV researchers identify the concept of rent’ (e. g. , Mahoney Pandian, 1992; Petaraf, 1993; Rumelt, 1987), that is expressed in various forms, i. e. Ricardian rent, Marshallian rent, Paretian rent, and quasirent, as those, which accrue from the relative differentiation of resources a firm control (We have to bear in mind the fact that rent will be paid even though all of land is homogeneous or even if the land is not fertile. Rent is not paid due to the relative difference of the land’s fertility but by the fact that land is merely scarce (Lewin Phelan, 2002). The difference in fertility reflects in the difference in rental rates, however, the rental rate is nothing to do with the profitability of a firm.The owner of any resources just asks for the rents: i. e. , wag e, rent, and interest, according to its rate). They consider the concept of competition’ as the states that firms compete in factors of production markets over the relative advantage of the resources they acquire or accumulate, rather than compete in final-product markets over the price of their products and services. However, from the static point of view, all of the relative advantages of these resources ought to be compensated for their owner. And the source of competitive advantage of the firm remains only by their monopoly rent.In this case alone, a firm would be able to gain super-normal profit at the cost of social welfare. It follows from what has been said, that the RBV contains the conditions of sustainability, but it does not fulfill the conditions for acquiring and realizing a competitive advantage. 11) 11) According to Foss (2005), Barney (1991) singles out two necessary primitives that must obtain for SCA to exist, namely heterogeneity and immobility, however, t he relation between these two primitives and the four other conditions of sustainable competitive advantage (i. e. resources being rare, valuable, costly to imitate and costly to substitute) is not made clear. The implication of Barney’s discussion is that the four latter are collectively sufficient for SCA, and if they (all) obtain, heterogeneity and immobility also obtain. However, the four conditions are not all necessary, whereas immobility and heterogeneity are. In other words, possessing resources that are rare, valuable, costly to imitate and costly to substitute is not the only way to gain and sustain competitive advantages, as long as the relevant ways conform to the criteria of resources being immobile and heterogeneous.This, however, is not clarified in Barney’s paper. 2005 The Critical Assessment of the Resource-Based View of Strategic Management TOKUDA 135 . THE RBV’S FORTE Given that the RBV is nothing more than an indication of the condition for c ompetitive firms to sustain their advantage, how can we investigate the academic value in the RBV in terms of explaining the source of the competitive advantage of a firm? By examining Barney’s (1986a, 2001) esearch, we see that he might recognize the existence of super-normal profit and the source of competitive advantage besides valuable and rare resources. The strategic factor market imperfection’ is the key concept for finding the academic value in the RBV. The strategic factor markets are developed when a firm requires the acquisition of resources in order to implement its strategy (Barney, 1986a). These markets are where firms buy and sell the resources necessary to implement their strategies (Barney, 1986a; Hirshleifer, 1980).Hence the economic performance of the firms depends not only on the returns from their strategies but also on the cost of buying the resources from these markets to implement those strategies. And the costs of those resources are determined by the characteristics of the factor markets. It is leading us that valuable and rare resources are not the source of competitive advantage or above normal return if the cost of acquiring or developing these resources equals the value they create when used to conceive of and implement a strategy.However, there is an implied possibility that the competitive advantage may come from the imperfections in strategic factor markets. Different firms in these markets will have different expectations about the future value of a strategy, which creates this imperfection (Barney, 1986a), and the owners of the firm also have different expectations about the future return of their resources (Barney, 2001). Therefore, different expectations toward the resources produce the possibility of a competitive advantage for a firm.This kind of competitive advantage, named economic rents’ by Barney, reflect the creative and entrepreneurial ability of firms to discover how to generate value with thei r resources in ways that other firms and outside owners cannot anticipate (Barney, 1986a, 2001). Firms which intend to obtain a competitive advantage must be consistently better informed concerning the future value of these resources than other firms. 12) 12) Peteraf (1993) argues that ex ante limits to competition is a condition for the existence and endurance of competitive advantage. Because of ex ante uncertainty about the future 36 RITSUMEIKAN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Vol. 3 Examining the Barney’s concept of strategic factor market imperfection’, we are able to interpret that the characteristics of competition’ are not in the world of static states (equilibrium), but in the world of dynamic processes of change (disequilibrium). As mentioned above, no rents emerge in the world of static states. If the price of any resource reflects the discounted value of its expected future earnings, and if everyone shares the same correct expectations, then that price include s all correctly anticipated value components.It is nothing to say that ex ante values will turn out to be equal to ex post values. There will be no room for super-normal profit. Unless there is a difference between the ex post value of a venture and the ex ante cost of acquiring the necessary resources, the entrepreneurial rents are zero (Rumelt, 1987; Peteraf, 1993). In a dynamic sense, such a situation cannot exist because a price of any resource does not reflect the discounted value of its expected future earnings, so everyone does not share the same correct expectations towards it and the price includes all correctly anticipated value components.The possibility of profit comes from ex ante uncertainty of the resource’s certain (real) value, the probability of profit comes from ex post realization of its certain value. In this sense, the size of super-normal profit, thus the competitive advantage of a firm, depends on the difference between the ex ante cost of resources an d the ex post value of them. This suggests that to acquire a competitive advantage is no more and no less than to obtain the entrepreneurial rents. The CA depends on how to exploit the factor markets disequilibrium, i. e. the firm’s skill (accuracy) at perceiving the future value of resources. We may say that the academic values can be found in the RBV when we view it in a dynamic context. value of the resources to be bought or developed today, only firms with entrepreneurial insight or luck make the right investment decisions and are rewarded by entrepreneurial rents (Barney, 1986; Wernerfelt Montgomery, 1986). Also, ex post limits to competition (i. e. , isolating mechanisms) protects the strategic assets and capabilities from being imitated. Isolating mechanisms allow a firm to sustain its competitive dvantage. Isolating mechanisms Rumelt (1984: 568) such as casual ambiguity, specialized assets, switching and search costs, team-bodied skills, reputation and image and lega l restrictions on entry are the reasons why markets fail. In the absence of isolating mechanisms and market imperfections, resources would be mobile, and no firm could achieve competitive advantage and positive returns (like in perfect competition). By pointing these mechanisms out, Rumelt (1984) highlights why firms exist’ and then concentrates on why firms are heterogeneous’. 2005The Critical Assessment of the Resource-Based View of Strategic Management TOKUDA 137 . ABILITY OF ENTREPRENEUR AS A SOURCE OF THE HETEROGENEITY In the dynamic world, the heterogeneous perceptions are more important than the heterogeneous resources per se (Lewin, 2005; Lewin Phelan, 2002). As a matter of course, such perception originates in the asymmetric information among firms. This drives us, logically, to the situation that the entrepreneurship’ and also the ability to perceive market imperfection of information have to be incorporated into the RBV.How to best evade the market i mperfection or how to make good use of that imperfection is very strategic decision made by a firm to gain a super-normal profit. 13) And of course, the one who will be in charge of this strategic task is an entrepreneur. 14) As an aside, even if it is logical to represent the entrepreneurship in t