Problem set Essay Example

Problem set Essay Problem set BY lu19920218 ECE 302 Problem Set 9 Fall 2013 The following problems have been selected from the course text. 4. 78 In a large collection of wires, the length of a wire is X, an exponential random variable with mean 511 cm. Each wire is cut to make rings of diameter 1 cm. Find the probability mass function for the number of complete rings produced by each length of wire. 4. 85 The exam grades in a certain class have a Gaussian pdf with mean m and standard deviation o. Find the constants a and b so that the random variable Y = ax + has a Gaussian pdf with mean m and standard deviation o . 4. 86, 4. 87 Let X = U n where n is a positive integer and U is a uniform random variable in the unit interval. Find the cdf and pdf of X. Repeat for the case where U is uniform in the interval [-1, 1]. 4. 94 modified Let Y = a where X is uniformly distributed in the interval (-1/2, 1/2). a. Show that Y is a Cauchy random variable. b. Find the pdf of Z = IN . 4. 96 Find the pdf of X† In(l U where U is a uniform random variable in (O, 1). . 9 modified Let X be a random variable with mean m. Compare the Chebyshev inequality and the exact probability for the event {IX m I c} as a function of c for the case where: a. X is a uniform random variable in the interval b]; b. X has pdf fX(x) = 2 exp(-alxl); c. X is a zero mean Gaussian random variable with variance 0 2 . 4. 100 Let X be the number of successes in n Bernoulli trials where the probability of success is p. Let Y = X/n be the average number of successes per trial. We will write a custom essay sample on Problem set specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Problem set specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Problem set specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Apply the Chebyshev inequality o the event {IY pl a}. What happens as n †+ m? 4. 102 a. Find the characteristic function of the random variable X uniformly distributed over b). b. Find the mean and variance of X by applying the moment theorem. 4. 105 modified a. Show that the characteristic function of a Gaussian random variable X with mean m and variance 0 2 is 22 OX (w) = eJmw-o 12 . the characteristic function of Y = ax + b, a = O, where X is a Gaussian random variable. Hint: use the definition of (w), namely, OY (w) = E[eJwY ].

MBA Admissions Essay Sample

MBA Admissions Essay SampleIf you're on the lookout for an MBA admissions essay sample, you're in luck. We've gathered a few of the most popular and well known samples to help you when you're writing your own.'College Admissions Essay' by a Modern Parent: The authors discuss their history of raising children in this essay, including how they met their spouse. It's short, but it offers great insights into a parent's parenting style. Read it for inspiration!'You Could Be My Son or Daughter' by a Modern Parent: This essay is one that every parent should have a copy of. Not only does it contain a lot of useful tips, but it's also a lighthearted look at your children and why it's important to raise them as a single parent. An essential addition to any college admission essays collection. Recommended by both parents and teachers.'Thank You' From an MBA Admissions Student: It seems that almost everyone has written their own MBA admissions essay. This one focuses on why a student needs the a dmission letter in the first place. Why it was written? Why it was passed on?'Professionalism and Creativity' by an MBA Admissions Student: In this essay, you'll see just how important it is to use words that will entice and inspire. They will not only help to get your reader interested, but they will help the admissions committee to see what you're really about.'A Note About Writing,' by an MBA Admissions Student: The author shows just how much you can learn from studying admissions essays. Things you learn are things that you may find in this essay. While it is not something you'd want to use on its own, it can serve as an introduction to some of the best practices that you can use when writing your own.There are many more great MBA admissions essay samples out there. Which ones are your favorites? What is the one that you wish you could have read before you wrote yours?Getting ready to write your MBA admissions essay? Check out our guides and we'll tell you what it takes to ace t his big job. This article was written by Rachel Cavanagh and Felicia Robinson.

Apability as a Source of the Heterogeneit Essay Example

Apability as a Source of the Heterogeneit Essay Example Apability as a Source of the Heterogeneit Paper Apability as a Source of the Heterogeneit Paper The objective of this paper is to incorporate the entrepreneurial view point into the framework of the resource-based view of strategic management. We firstly attempt to make a brief survey of the conceptual framework of the RBV, and formulize it in a static sense by contrasting it with the competitive forces approach.Secondly, we conduct a critical assessment of the RBV from a dynamic point of view. The concept of entrepreneur’s ability is distilled by this assessment, and the objective of corporate strategy is clarified as well. Finally, we suggest a new perspective of the RBV by amending it from an entrepreneurial viewpoint. Keywords: resource-based view, entrepreneurship, disequilibrium, capability, strategic management RITSUMEIKAN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Vol. 3, pp. 125-150 (2005). * Associate Professor, Faculty of Business Administration, Ritsumeikan University 126 RITSUMEIKAN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRSVol. 3 INTRODUCTION The pivot on which everything turns. (J. A. Schumpeter) Although the resource-based view (RBV) has emerged as one of the substantial theories of strategic management, it is said that it has overlooked the role of entrepreneurial strategies and entrepreneurial abilities as one of the crucial sources of the competitive advantage of a firm. Even today, when entrepreneurship research is in demand, most economic research, and consequently much of strategic management research, views entrepreneurship as the specter which haunts economic model. Baumol, 1997: 17) The main objective of this paper is to amend the RBV of strategic management from a dynamic point of view, in order to make up its insufficiency. Many scholars have attempted to investigate into the mechanism of sustainable competitive advantage of a firm through the RBV with original concepts such as core competence’ (e. g. , Hamel Praharad, 1994), dynamic capability’ (e. g. , Teece, Pisano Shuen, 1997) VRIO framework’ (Barney, 2002), capability lifecycle’ (Helfat Peteraf, 2003), and routine and skills’ (e. g. Nelson Winter, 1982), however, little work in RBV has been made to grasp the role of entrepreneurship as the crucial source of competitive advantage, despite the abilities of the entrepreneur are undoubtedly the principal human resource possessed by a firm (see Alvarez Barney, 2000 for an exception). This paper attempts to incorporate the theory of entrepreneurship into the RBV of strategic management, while critically dealing with the RBV from an entrepreneurial viewpoint. The paper is divided into three parts. First, a brief survey is given of the conceptual framework of the RBV.It is helpful for us to grasp the characteristics of its framework by contrasting it with the competitive forces approach (CFA) presented by Porter (1980) because it is said that the CFA explores the source of sustainable competitive advantage in the external environment of the firm (i. e. , attractiveness of industry where they are located), while the RBV pays attention to the internal resources of the firm (i. e. , the heterogeneous resources that a firm possesses). Second, we clarify the objectives of corporate strategy through a critical 2005The Critical Assessment of the Resource-Based View of Strategic Management TOKUDA 127 assessment of the RBV from both a static and a dynamic point of view. Barney’s fundamental concept of the RBV is examined. Third, we suggest a new perspective of the RBV by amending it from an entrepreneurial viewpoint. . STRATEGY AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF A FIRM Traditional research on strategic management suggests that firms need to seek a strategic fit between the external environment, for example opportunities and threats, and internal resources, for example strengths and weaknesses (e. . , Andrews, 1967; Itami, 1987). However, considerable emphasis has usually been given to a firm’s competitive environment and its competitive position (Das Teng, 2000). Considering the source of sustainable competitive advantage of a firm, it is widely accepted that the dominant viewpoint in the strategic management theory throughout the 1980s was the CFA presented by Porter (1980). His conceptual framework was mainly based on the structure-conduct-performance paradigm of the theory of industrial organization (Bain, 1959; Mason, 1949).It is no exaggeration to say that Porter (1980) specifically brings a concept of competition’ for the first time in strategic management theory. 1) The most innovative part of his work in this field is that he constructs a consistent framework for thought so as to examine concrete questions like how will a firm able to get a competitive advantage over its competitors? In the CFA, the industrial structure strongly influences the rules of competition, as well as the stra tegies potentially available to the firms belonging to that industry.Therefore the strategic issue for a firm seems to concern their competitive positioning in the industry. They seek a favor1) Broadly speaking, the strategic management theory before 1980s (pre-Porter period), which used to be called business policy’, had not been a body of theory with a consistent viewpoint yet. Its object was mainly to argue the management of the diversified firm. Hence, it was generally dealing with such an argument like, to which business should we give the priority to allocate our resources? or from which business should we withdraw our resources? In this stage, the strategy was no more than the citing list of procedures’ because the object of strategy went no further than merely arguing the analytical technique: growth matrix, effect of experience curve, product portfolio management, policy decision tree and so on, and the flowchart of its application which is needed when the st rategy has been drawing up. For instance, Hoffer and Schendel (1978), gave a comprehensive survey of past studies on the subject.They compile variety of analytical techniques and the flowchart of its application is indicated in their work. It is not thoroughly explained, however, why the process ought to be followed by such a flowchart. 128 RITSUMEIKAN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Vol. 3 able position in order to gain a monopoly rent (Teece, 1984), while avoiding involvement in competition or moderating competitive pressures by influencing industry structure and their competitors’ behavior.To help the firm find such a positioning in the industry, Porter (1980) advanced a fiveforce model’. This consists of five industry-level forces: i. e. , entry barriers, threat of substitution, bargaining power of supplier, bargaining power of buyer and rivalry among industry incumbents, which determine the inherent profit potential of an industry or sub-segment of it. However, a series of empirical surveys have failed to support the link between industrial structure and the performance of a firm.Some studies show the variance in firm performance between industries is substantially less than that within industries (e. g. , Jacobson, 1988; Hansen Wernerfelt, 1989; Rumelt, 1991). Others also identify systematic and significant performance differences among firms which belong to the same strategic group within an industry (Cool Schendel, 1988). Research has suggested that the internal resources of a firm rather than the external environment around the firm are possibly the primary source of performance differences among firms.This result is bringing a growing number of researchers to the RBV of strategic management to explain the differences by focusing their attention on resource heterogeneity in an industry and the source of sustainable competitive advantage of the firms. 2) . STRATEGY AND INTERNAL RESOURCES OF A FIRM Since the mid 1980s, the RBV has emerged as one o f the substantial theories of strategic management (Barney, 1986a; Rumelt, 1984; 2) According to Teece, et al. 1997: 514), an entry decision process of the CFA looks roughly as follows: (1) pick an industry (based on its structural attractiveness’); (2) choose an entry strategy based on conjectures about competitors’ rational strategies; (3) if not already possessed, acquire or otherwise obtain the requisite assets to compete in the market. From this perspective the process of identifying and developing the requisite assets is not particularly problematic. The process involves nothing more than choosing rationally among a well-defined set of investment alternatives.If assets are not already owned, they can be bought. On the contrary, the RBV assumes resource endorsement of a firm cannot equibrate through factor input markets. The entry decision process of the RBV is as follows: (1) identify your firm’s unique resources; (2) decide in which markets those resourc es can earn the highest rents; and (3) decide whether the rents from those assets and most effectively utilized by (a) integrating into related market(s), (b) selling the relevant intermediate output to related firms, or (c) selling the assets themselves to a firm in related businesses. 005 The Critical Assessment of the Resource-Based View of Strategic Management TOKUDA 129 Wernerfelt, 1984), even though it is said that the RBV does not presently appear to meet the empirical content criterion required of a theoretical system (Bacharach, 1989; Hunt, 1991; McKelvey, 1997; Priem Butler, 2001a,b). The increased attention to firms’ resources by researchers has seemed to be beneficial in helping to clarify the potential contributions of resources to competitive advantage, as well as to introduce strategy scholars to a number of useful descriptive theories from industrial rganization economics (e. g. , Alchian Demsetz, 1972, on teamwork’ production, or DeVany Saving, 198 3, on price as a signal of quality), and furthermore to alleviate a previous analytical overemphasis on the opportunities and threats that arise from the product side (Priem Butler, 2001a). The RBV suggests that the resources possessed by a firm are the primary determinants of its performance, and these may contribute to a sustainable competitive advantage of the firm (e. g. Hoffer Schendel, 1978; Wenerfelt, 1984). According to Barney (1991), the concept of resources includes all assets, capabilities, organizational processes, firm attributes, information, knowledge, etc. controlled by a firm that enable the firm to conceive of and implement strategies that improve its efficiency and effectiveness (Barney, 1991; Daft, 1983). In the early stage of the RBV, the main concern was to identify the characteristics of resources that are not subject to imitation by competitors.If the resources possessed by a firm can easily be replicated by competitors, even though the resources are the so urce of competitive advantage of the firm, then the advantage will not last long. Dierickx Cool (1989a) describe how the sustainability of a firm’s asset position hinges on how easily its resources can be substituted or imitated, and imitability is linked to the characteristics of the asset accumulation process: i. e. time compression diseconomies, asset mass efficiencies, inter-connectedness, asset erosion and casual ambiguity. In the same way, several other characteristics have been explored such as unique historical conditions, causal ambiguity (Reed DeFillippi, 1990), social complexity, isolating mechanism and so on (Barney, 1991; Lippman Rumelt, 1982; Rumelt, 1984). . CAPABILITY AS A SOURCE OF THE HETEROGENEITY Let us develop the concept of resources a little further.For instance, Grant (1991) notes the distinction between resources and capability as follows: 130 RITSUMEIKAN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Vol. 3 Resources are inputs into the production process†¦[they] inc lude items of capital equipment, skills of individual employees, patents, brand names, finance, and so on. But, on their own, few resources are productive. Productive activity requires the cooperation and coordination of teams of resources. A capability is the capacity for a team of resources to perform some task or activity. Grant, 1991: 118-19) In the same manner, Amit Schoemaker (1993) define resources as stocks of available factors that are owned or controlled by the firm, which are converted into final products or services. Capabilities, in contrast, refer to a firm’s capacity to deploy resources, usually in combination, using organizational processes, to produce a desired effect. 3) Hence, the presence of capability enables resources to begin to be utilized, and the potential for the creation of output arises.While resources are the source of a firm’s capabilities, capabilities are the main source of its competitive advantage (Grant, 1991). The important point o f this approach compared to the early stage of RBV is that, for the sake of gaining a sustainable competitive advantage, capability is regarded as more important than resources per se, and this implies that the firm-specific way of cooperation and coordination of resources causes the heterogeneity among firms in an industry. ) This thought can be theoretically traced back to Penrose’s (1959) work. According to her work, firm development is an evolutionary and cumulative process of resource learning, in which increased knowledge of the firm resources both helps create options for further expansion and increase absorptive capacity. Therefore, a major focus of her work lies in the application of resources. She regards a firm as more than an administrative unit, it is also a collection of productive resources which including both physical and 3) Stalk, et al. 1992) draw a distinction between a capability and a competence as follows: competencies and capabilities represent two dif ferent but complementary dimensions of an emerging paradigm for corporate strategy. Both concepts emphasize behavioral’ aspects of strategy in contrast to the traditional structural model. But whereas core competence emphasizes technological and production expertises at specific points along the value chain, capabilities are more broadly based, encompassing the entire value chain. Inthis respect, capabilities are visible to the customer in a way that core competencies rarely are (Stalk, et. al. , 1992: 66). ) To deepen the concept of capability, Grant (1991) invokes the concept of organizational routine’ from evolutionary theory (e. g. , Nelson, 1991). He views capability as a routine or a number of interacting routines, and organization as a huge network of routines. 2005 The Critical Assessment of the Resource-Based View of Strategic Management TOKUDA 131 human resources. According to Penrose, it is never resources’ per se that are the inputs’ in the pr oduction process, but only the services’ that the resource can render, that is: The services yielded by resources are a function of the way in which they are used? xactly the same resources when used for different purposes or in different ways and in combination with different types of or amounts of other resources provide a different service or set of services. The important distinction between resources and services is not their relative durability; rather it lies in the fact that resources consists of a bundle of potential services and can, for the most part, be define independently of their use, while services cannot be so defined, the very word service’ implying a function, an activity†¦it is largely in this distinction that we find the source of the uniqueness of each individual firm (1959: 25). ) The result of this is that the concept of capability’ is the capacity of a firm to convert resources they possess into the service’. The good service s might be produced by either good resources’ or average capability’/ average resources’ or good capability’, if capability were a type of score’ of capability, particular to each firm (e. g. , good firms have a high capability score’). The difference, or possibly the uniqueness, of a firm largely comes from these capabilities. . VULNERABILITY OF THE RBV After having made a brief survey of the conceptual framework of the RBV by ontrasting it with the CFA, we now attempt to clarify the objective of corporate strategy through a critical assessment of the RBV. Barney’s (1991) conceptual framework of the RBV has been used6), because 5) Foss (2005) notes that while the RBV is Penrosian in its emphasis on firm-level heterogeneity, most of Penrose’s basic themes ? flexibility in an uncertain world, organizational learning as an evolutionary discovery process, path-dependency, the vision of the management team, entrepreneurship, firm d ifferences being traceable to the efficiency with which resources are applied rather than to resources themselves, etc. seem to lie outside the orbit of the RBV, at least as its conceptual framework is clearly related to Demsetz’s (1973) competitive equilibrium model. 6) Referring to the SWOT framework, Barney defines resources as being valuable when they help seizing an opportunity in the firm’s environment or when they help neutralizing some threat in that environment, or at least shielding the firm against the threat. By resources 132 RITSUMEIKAN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Vol. 3 as Priem Butler (2001a) remark, many RBV proponents either paraphrase his statements or simply cite his articles (i. . , Barney, 1991), without an augmented definition (e. g. , Bates Flynn, 1995; Brush Artz, 1999; Lits, 1996; Powel, 1992a, b; Rindova Fombrun, 1999; Yeoh Roth, 1999), and operate under his framework in their conceptual and empirical work. 7) Barney’s (1991) remarks on the conditions that a firm produces competitive advantage8) may be paraphrased as follows: (a) resources must be valuable. (b) resources must be rare. Two points should be noted here regarding to the attributes of the competitive advantage of a firm.Firstly, Barney’s concept of valuable’ is an ambiguous criterion to measure the competitive advantage of a firm. Whether the resource is valuable or not should be measured by its profitability, and thus it ought to take the form of an economic asset regardless of how tangible or intangible it is. The value of any resource should be measured by the discounted value of the expected future income stream that can be attributed to it. 9) In the RBV the valuable attribute of a firm is taken as given. The being rare, Barney seems to have a simple counting sense (as distinct from an economic sense) in mind.Firms that control valuable and rare resources possess a competitive advantage and will be able to obtain a competitive advabta ge. If furthermore the relevant resources are non-imitable and non-substitutable a sustainable competitive advantage may be obtained. The non-imitability (or more correctly: costly-to-imitate) condition directs attention to whether (or, at which cost) competitor firms can acquire or accumulate resources with attributes and levels of attributes similar to some desired resource which produces a competitive advantage.The non-substitutability (or, costly-to-substitute) condition directs attention to whether (or, at which cost) competitor firms can access (different) resources that will allow them to implement the same strategies as some successful firm. According to Foss (2005), it is also these two criteria that allows Barney to define sustainable competitive advantage in terms of situations in which all attempts by competitor firms at imitating or substituting a successful firm have ceased. Thus, he notes that sustainable competitive advantage is a property of an equilibrium. ) Priem and Butler investigate whether the RBV arguments regarding competitive advantage meet the generally accepted criteria for classifying a set of statements as a theory, See Priem Butler (2001a, b) and also Barney’s counter-argument (Barney, 2001). 8) With regard to the sustainability, he notes the resource must be imperfectly imitable, and cannot be strategically equivalent substitutes for this resource. 9) This kind of argument has been well discussed in the theory of multinational corporations (i. e. an argumentation between OLI paradigm theorists and Internalization theorists regarding the handling of ownership advantage of a firm). See, e. g. , Casson (1987). 2005 The Critical Assessment of the Resource-Based View of Strategic Management TOKUDA 133 planning and investment necessary to build up such resources are exogenous in this framework. 10) This means there is the fear that the RBV will overstate the profitability of firms exploiting these resources, because they ignor e the cost of acquisition and accumulation.Therefore it is impossible for the RBV to explain why firms invest in such a valuable resource rather than in other type of resources (i. e. , Barney is conducting a cross sectional analysis of what the firms currently has, he is not discussing what they would need to do to obtain more or different resources in the future. Barney focuses here on content while other RBV authors have focused on process. He is not trying to explain why firms invest, he is trying to explain what firms have accumulated as of a specific point in time.However, other RBV researchers have considered why and how). In addition, if the firms want to realize their competitive advantage or maximize their profit from the resources they possess, they have to take into account of the demand-side characteristics that influence on the final price of their output. The values of resources are determined by demandside characteristics, and those are also exogenous to the RBV mode l (Priem Butler, 2001a, b).We never have a priori information on the competitive advantage among firms that will result in super-normal profit, on the contrary, we know a posteriori the existence of the competitive advantage by virtue of the existence of super-normal profit. After all, the emphasis is on how to sustain such a valuable resource over the long term without adequate appreciation of its economic value. Therefore it is open to criticism that the RBV contains a theory of sustainability but not a theory of competitive advantage (Priem Butler, 2001b).Secondly, the concept of a rare’ resource does not necessarily ensure the competitive advantage of the firm, even if that resource generates a large rent’ due to its relative scarcity. Rents are the prices of services yielded by resources (Lewin Phelan, 2002). In this phase rent is noth10) According to Petaraf (1993: 180), Firms with superior resources will earn rents†¦ It may be understood most clearly by assuming that firms with superior firms with superior resources have low average costs than other firms. We understand that superior resources may earn Ricardian type of rents, however in order to analyze the source of firm ustainable competitive advantage over rivalry, we should put not a rent’ but a profitability’ in question. And we cannot understand her ground why superior resources’ go to a low cost position’ (1993: 180). Superior resources must have accompanied a lot of investment until then due to its superiority, even though which is such an intangible assets as organizational culture (i. e. , Barney, 1986b), thus we cannot necessarily to say firms with superior firms with superior resources have low average costs than other firms’. 134RITSUMEIKAN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Vol. 3 ing more than the rental price of the service of the resource whether it is rare or not. After remunerating all the factors of production, no profit has been left to t he firm (Demsetz, 1973; Barney, 1986a; Rumelt, 1987). If there is a firm gaining profit from the resource, it is simply that the firm squeezes some part of the rent from the owner of the resources. Many RBV researchers identify the concept of rent’ (e. g. , Mahoney Pandian, 1992; Petaraf, 1993; Rumelt, 1987), that is expressed in various forms, i. e. Ricardian rent, Marshallian rent, Paretian rent, and quasirent, as those, which accrue from the relative differentiation of resources a firm control (We have to bear in mind the fact that rent will be paid even though all of land is homogeneous or even if the land is not fertile. Rent is not paid due to the relative difference of the land’s fertility but by the fact that land is merely scarce (Lewin Phelan, 2002). The difference in fertility reflects in the difference in rental rates, however, the rental rate is nothing to do with the profitability of a firm.The owner of any resources just asks for the rents: i. e. , wag e, rent, and interest, according to its rate). They consider the concept of competition’ as the states that firms compete in factors of production markets over the relative advantage of the resources they acquire or accumulate, rather than compete in final-product markets over the price of their products and services. However, from the static point of view, all of the relative advantages of these resources ought to be compensated for their owner. And the source of competitive advantage of the firm remains only by their monopoly rent.In this case alone, a firm would be able to gain super-normal profit at the cost of social welfare. It follows from what has been said, that the RBV contains the conditions of sustainability, but it does not fulfill the conditions for acquiring and realizing a competitive advantage. 11) 11) According to Foss (2005), Barney (1991) singles out two necessary primitives that must obtain for SCA to exist, namely heterogeneity and immobility, however, t he relation between these two primitives and the four other conditions of sustainable competitive advantage (i. e. resources being rare, valuable, costly to imitate and costly to substitute) is not made clear. The implication of Barney’s discussion is that the four latter are collectively sufficient for SCA, and if they (all) obtain, heterogeneity and immobility also obtain. However, the four conditions are not all necessary, whereas immobility and heterogeneity are. In other words, possessing resources that are rare, valuable, costly to imitate and costly to substitute is not the only way to gain and sustain competitive advantages, as long as the relevant ways conform to the criteria of resources being immobile and heterogeneous.This, however, is not clarified in Barney’s paper. 2005 The Critical Assessment of the Resource-Based View of Strategic Management TOKUDA 135 . THE RBV’S FORTE Given that the RBV is nothing more than an indication of the condition for c ompetitive firms to sustain their advantage, how can we investigate the academic value in the RBV in terms of explaining the source of the competitive advantage of a firm? By examining Barney’s (1986a, 2001) esearch, we see that he might recognize the existence of super-normal profit and the source of competitive advantage besides valuable and rare resources. The strategic factor market imperfection’ is the key concept for finding the academic value in the RBV. The strategic factor markets are developed when a firm requires the acquisition of resources in order to implement its strategy (Barney, 1986a). These markets are where firms buy and sell the resources necessary to implement their strategies (Barney, 1986a; Hirshleifer, 1980).Hence the economic performance of the firms depends not only on the returns from their strategies but also on the cost of buying the resources from these markets to implement those strategies. And the costs of those resources are determined by the characteristics of the factor markets. It is leading us that valuable and rare resources are not the source of competitive advantage or above normal return if the cost of acquiring or developing these resources equals the value they create when used to conceive of and implement a strategy.However, there is an implied possibility that the competitive advantage may come from the imperfections in strategic factor markets. Different firms in these markets will have different expectations about the future value of a strategy, which creates this imperfection (Barney, 1986a), and the owners of the firm also have different expectations about the future return of their resources (Barney, 2001). Therefore, different expectations toward the resources produce the possibility of a competitive advantage for a firm.This kind of competitive advantage, named economic rents’ by Barney, reflect the creative and entrepreneurial ability of firms to discover how to generate value with thei r resources in ways that other firms and outside owners cannot anticipate (Barney, 1986a, 2001). Firms which intend to obtain a competitive advantage must be consistently better informed concerning the future value of these resources than other firms. 12) 12) Peteraf (1993) argues that ex ante limits to competition is a condition for the existence and endurance of competitive advantage. Because of ex ante uncertainty about the future 36 RITSUMEIKAN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Vol. 3 Examining the Barney’s concept of strategic factor market imperfection’, we are able to interpret that the characteristics of competition’ are not in the world of static states (equilibrium), but in the world of dynamic processes of change (disequilibrium). As mentioned above, no rents emerge in the world of static states. If the price of any resource reflects the discounted value of its expected future earnings, and if everyone shares the same correct expectations, then that price include s all correctly anticipated value components.It is nothing to say that ex ante values will turn out to be equal to ex post values. There will be no room for super-normal profit. Unless there is a difference between the ex post value of a venture and the ex ante cost of acquiring the necessary resources, the entrepreneurial rents are zero (Rumelt, 1987; Peteraf, 1993). In a dynamic sense, such a situation cannot exist because a price of any resource does not reflect the discounted value of its expected future earnings, so everyone does not share the same correct expectations towards it and the price includes all correctly anticipated value components.The possibility of profit comes from ex ante uncertainty of the resource’s certain (real) value, the probability of profit comes from ex post realization of its certain value. In this sense, the size of super-normal profit, thus the competitive advantage of a firm, depends on the difference between the ex ante cost of resources an d the ex post value of them. This suggests that to acquire a competitive advantage is no more and no less than to obtain the entrepreneurial rents. The CA depends on how to exploit the factor markets disequilibrium, i. e. the firm’s skill (accuracy) at perceiving the future value of resources. We may say that the academic values can be found in the RBV when we view it in a dynamic context. value of the resources to be bought or developed today, only firms with entrepreneurial insight or luck make the right investment decisions and are rewarded by entrepreneurial rents (Barney, 1986; Wernerfelt Montgomery, 1986). Also, ex post limits to competition (i. e. , isolating mechanisms) protects the strategic assets and capabilities from being imitated. Isolating mechanisms allow a firm to sustain its competitive dvantage. Isolating mechanisms Rumelt (1984: 568) such as casual ambiguity, specialized assets, switching and search costs, team-bodied skills, reputation and image and lega l restrictions on entry are the reasons why markets fail. In the absence of isolating mechanisms and market imperfections, resources would be mobile, and no firm could achieve competitive advantage and positive returns (like in perfect competition). By pointing these mechanisms out, Rumelt (1984) highlights why firms exist’ and then concentrates on why firms are heterogeneous’. 2005The Critical Assessment of the Resource-Based View of Strategic Management TOKUDA 137 . ABILITY OF ENTREPRENEUR AS A SOURCE OF THE HETEROGENEITY In the dynamic world, the heterogeneous perceptions are more important than the heterogeneous resources per se (Lewin, 2005; Lewin Phelan, 2002). As a matter of course, such perception originates in the asymmetric information among firms. This drives us, logically, to the situation that the entrepreneurship’ and also the ability to perceive market imperfection of information have to be incorporated into the RBV.How to best evade the market i mperfection or how to make good use of that imperfection is very strategic decision made by a firm to gain a super-normal profit. 13) And of course, the one who will be in charge of this strategic task is an entrepreneur. 14) As an aside, even if it is logical to represent the entrepreneurship in t

There are many qualities that are needed to be a good leader or Essay - 1

There are many qualities that are needed to be a good leader or manager. To what extent can these be learnt through study and tr - Essay Example It, therefore, follows that a good leader must be able to impart inspiration, optimism, integrity, confidence and unity among those they lead. Of equal importance is the fact that these qualities may be inborn (although this must only be viewed as the partiality to develop competencies better than the rest) among some individuals, but must be acquired via study and training among others (Doh 2003, 243). This paper will research the extent to which such qualities can be learnt through study and training and give supporting examples. It is an agreeable argument that leadership can, and has been learnt. However, it is equally agreeable that book knowledge, or taught knowledge in the field of leadership, is very limited in terms of its effectiveness. In this sense, leadership must be viewed as a â€Å"performance activity†. The focus then needs to move away from whether leaders are made or born to what they have made of their learning. The extent of what is taught to leaders as be st practice is only applicable to the two extremes of either specific or generalized audiences, and the possibility of the learner never encountering either of them cannot be understated (Kickul & Neuman 2000, 33). To be useful, what is taught must further be learned in more intuitive, applicable and personal circumstances and environments. This serves to emphasize the significance of flexibility. For example, a leader can be taught the art of being persuasive and inspirational in the way they present their ideas and communicate. On the other hand, when some attributes are perceived as dispositions, they cannot be learned. This can best be viewed in the sense that a leader cannot be taught to readily accept risk-taking or be ambitious because these are the possible products of genes, family or life. It is only through immersion into their fields that leaders can learn their way around strategic thinking and develop a capacity of conceptual thinking. Once learning leadership starts, the process never really stops, and no single study or training module can produce a leader who will effectively exhibit the same qualities under all circumstances (Kickul & Neuman 2000, 29). Therefore, leadership cannot be studied or trained as an enduring individual feature. This is made more complex because most leadership strategies require that a leader unlearns default responses, assumptions and old habits related to human nature and implement new behaviors and choices. Further, most lessons in leadership education are inclined towards conveying technique and style. Therefore, much of what is taught ends up being more of management and not leadership. In such situations, it is possible for effective learning to take place and even for the taught notions to be put into practice, but one will still fail at being an effective leader. While inspiration, intelligence, optimism, integrity and vision still remain constant as some of leadership’s essential principles and can be studies over, the ability to amalgamate principles and practice does not imply that one has learned leadership (Kickul & Neuman 2000, 32). The limiting factor is that what studies teach does not necessarily make aspiring leaders learn the prerequisites; knowing and practicing are distinguished. Contemporary leaders confuse their

Analysis of Sale of Human Organs Arguments Research Paper

Analysis of Sale of Human Organs Arguments - Research Paper Example David’s point of people donating organs for money is very persuasive as he talks about compensation for any organ donated. it makes more sense when he claims that organs from deceased people donated and the person’s family could be beneficial. For both the deceased’s family and the needy person of the organ can benefit in the process. For instance, if the family needs some money for bills in the hospital or burial, they can decide to exchange some organs of the deceased for money, which can serve best for all. This type of exchange for vital organs can motivate people to donate one of their organs in their life to save some life or get money to perform other work, which could be urgent (David, 2005). The beneficial should not only be the recipient of the organs but both parties involved. This point is very much persuasive as people can be willing to give out their organs for compensation. This effect can work, as it is evident that donors of these organs live wel l without any disorder or reduction of functionalities in their bodies. An instance when such decisions can serve a good purpose is when money for urgent medication is needed and no available source, someone can donate an organ and serve the pain but make both people survive. In his argument, a person has a right over their bodies and not controlled by either the government or any other body. If an organ transplant sale authorized, people can give out willingly due to the offered compensation. An example of the unpersuasive point is that, if the organs are for sale, some desperate people will not benefit if they cannot afford to buy the organ. As David claims people will tend to kill others for their own benefit. The argument of an objection to selling an organ cannot lead to the destruction of people live or due to the failure of getting the right price for a certain organ. In his exploration, the question which asks for one to assume they needed an organ and in the process finds s omeone willing to sell, it is realistic that, if you need something vital for your life that you have no option left.  

The Influence of Culture at Movie Translation Essay Example for Free

The Influence of Culture at Movie Translation Essay Outline Thesis Statement: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation, Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, its possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie. ?. Introduction: Chinas movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybodys lips. If there will be bread. All would have. (the former Soviet Union film Lenin in 1918) has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, Chinas famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less atte nti on to literary translation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry. ?. Language and culture. The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this countrys the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different. This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story. ?. Cultural reconstruction The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience. ?. The culture touches up Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the style Melody has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected I type of the law, regardless of the words priorities, said the mayor short, meaning the right can be, Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following. ?. Conclusion : The choice of film translation modes largely contributes to the reception of a source language film in a target culture. The influences of culture factor are leading. the influences of objective factors on film translations Abstract: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation,Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, its possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie. Key word: Translation of a movie Culture gap Chinas movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybodys lips. If there will be bread. All would have.  (the former Soviet Union film Lenin in 1918) has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, Chinas famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less attention to literary tr  anslation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry. 1? Language and culture The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this countrys the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different. The language in the sound film is the essential constituent, in the movie work the splendid dialogue, the fragment makes one be worth hearing a hundred times, cannot dismiss from mind for a very long time. The culture in the society on like the memory in the individual, was the people all feasible thing precipitation gets down in the past life, turned the language slowly, turns the writing, turns music, turns the custom, turns the construction, turns the clothing, even turned not the obvious thinking mode, did not affect the future thought, the experience and the motion. Language and cultural interdependent. Language is the crystallization of culture, culture is transmitted through language. Pragmatic exchanges as a medium for the inevitable translation different language deal can not but be with their respective culture communication. Translation understanding of the basic links and expression is subject to the original language and translated phrase structure rules, and their rules for the use of double requirement. Understand the results of the original language is the meaning and bearing the cultural information, It familiar with the original language of the rules and structure of the use of rules of the community, which can not be divorced from the original language of social and cultural factors; expression with the purpose of understanding found in the information with the target language in its social and cultural context for the effective exchange. It consistent with the structure of language translation rules and the rules for the use of the conditions, So in kee pin  g with the target language the social and cultural factors collide, the integration phase, therefore, the mission of the translation, in the final analysis, is a social and cultural context to get out and then enter a social and cultural context, and its appearance and the language is the language of communication, and the essence of culture and cultural exchanges. Therefore, the cultural translation by the point of view of language is the carrier of culture, culture is the language of the regulation, translation is culture and culture of dialogue, cross-cultural transmission. As such, the translator must be familiar with the two cultures. Translation cross-cultural communication is the intermediary links, culture and communication with the dual nature. And the dissemination of culture and integration, is like a wave-particle duality its tablets is a cultural, The wave is spread. (15) In other words, Culture and Communication each other for the survival of that culture is the spread of content, is culturally. cultural context of communications. Therefore, we can say this is the process of translating culture and the culture of dialogue, the dissemination of culture, translation itself is a culture, is spread occurs in the language exchanges in the process of cross-cultural communication. This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story; We should not only understand one language, one culture, but also links the two languages, two cultures This is the minimum condition For this one, everyone is very difficult to do. Cultural Images a cultural symbol, it has a relatively fixed unique cultural meaning, and some are still rich with meaning Lenovo far-reaching, as long as the people I mentioned them, a tacit understanding between each other immediately, very easy to communicate ideas. phenomena and the implication of the two images is an important component. Phenomena is the significance of the information carrier, which was formed image of the objective facts; implies is phenomena in a certain language and the cultural environment of the extended meaning. Imagery that is the function in a variety of contexts, with concrete to the abstract performance, known or easy to know the unknown or enlightenment is difficult to know. If the Song Dynasty poet Su Shi, in his famous Ode of Chibi before, using such Ephemeroptera Chaoshengmusi small insects to describe life is short, people are very insignificant : Ephemeroptera sent to earth, there has been a drop in the proverbial bucket. English Proverb It is the last straw that breaks th e camel s back. meaning camel overloading, with a straw it will be crushed. Proverbs imagery words the last straw Finally a rice grass, and vividly symbolize of a people or something intolerable to the pole. 2? Cultural reconstruction The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience. But Chinese, English belong the entirely different two big language families, Chinese are the glyph English are the alphabetic scripts. Movie translator must carry on the successful cut between these two kind of entirely different language families is not an easy matter. The cultural reconstruction finds at everywhere in the movie translation. The English movie ? Red Shoes? , mainly narrated an England ballerina cannot make the correct choice facing love and the enterprise, finally moves towards the cliff the chilly wan story. At first when domestic showing, the movie is translated â€Å"the red dance shoes†, although the literal translation is faithful to English original intention, also threads up the plot, but appears after all writes in a straightforward manner, arouses audiences any association with difficulty. Later period, the identical movie film title is translated on a foreign outstanding movie exhibition tour â€Å"the red water chestnut to be colorful†, thin savors thin, although the movie flipped the translator to compare with that double delicate red dance shoes the red water chestnut which the Chinese audience women and children all knew, the implication red water chestnut grew in the muddy water sludge, actually tender and beautiful enchanting, curved red water, justed like China ancient times females womans bound feet, the womans bound fe  et although exquisite, but condensed how many females tears of blood, some has even paid the life price for it. Therefore passes â€Å"the red water chestnut to be colorful† this film title to cause the audience to associate is putting on like the red water chestnut dance shoes dancing girl gorgeous actually star crossed. Translators ingenious borrowing â€Å"the red water chestnut† a word, the Chinese culture will graft the movie in the implication, the success has restructured one the cultural image which for the Chinese audience familiar, will comprehend, accepts[Www_LunWenNet_Com]. The American movie ? Waterloo Bridge? , described First World War period, young attractive actress Masurium La knew young military officer Luo on the Waterloo bridge to depend on, has combined to make or become the lover. But after, Masurium La learned Luo Yi died in battle the battlefield, is in deep sorrow, in order to survive reduces for the prostitute. When Luo appears according to the miracle, she is unable facing the reality, for love and the reputation, she arrives once more with Luo according to the first love place, got killed on the wheel billowing Waterloo bridge. It is well known, in 1817 England has made the Waterloo bridge in the Thames river bank investment, commemorates the Wellington duke by this to direct the English army to defeat the battle of waterloo victory which Napoleon obtains. If the literal translation film title is â€Å"the Waterloo bridge†, as soon as looked for the first time, the audience can think this is one goes to war the related war piece with Napoleon or is the introduction an  d this building related documentary film. In the Chinese several millennium cultural histories, with the bridge correlation love story, such as, the cowherd and the weaving maidens â€Å"meeting of lovers†, the Shanxi Province Lantian â€Å"the blue bridge meets† and so on. â€Å"The blue bridge meets† plot has places of the many equally good results from different methods with Waterloo the Bridge. Therefore the translator finally translates the film title â€Å"the soul to break the blue bridge†, has avoided the audience ingeniously because the city cultural difference, the historical perspective knowledge lacks losing which causes, as soon as borrows â€Å"the blue bridge† to cause the audience to see the film title instantly comprehends this is about love movie. British film Night Merry in the conversation: Peter: Oh, this? Well, I like privacy when I retire. Yes, I’m very delicate in that respect. Prying eyeeees annoy me. Behold the walls of Jerichho! Err, maybe not aaas thick aas the ones that Joshua blew down with his trumpet. I just show you my heart’s in the right place, I’ll give you my best pair of pajamas. Do you mind joining the Israelites? White said this is a very representative, because in the meantime, said there were Jericho walls, Joshua. Israelis and three Bible of the historical story of the words. As we all know, the prevalence of Buddhist East, particularly in China, Chinese viewers can get some idea of Buddhism, and the Western culture, especially the Western religious history knows very little about the culture. Hence the film switch for a moment the Chinese audience of the above three is a link between a difficult matter. They do not understand this, Jericho wall, Joshua and Israelis between what is the relationship. Literal translation for the above not only Chinese audiences Lee puzzling. It also lost the film translation of real meaning. To enable the Chinese audience aware of this three terms of relations so that the text of those involved in the special cultural imagery fullness, Translator in the film translation of this text as follows embellishment : Peter : this? I do not want to break the interference by others, in that regard I am very sensitive, others do not want to be peeped at. You see this as the Bible of the Jericho walls, Although not as good as the Bible Israeli commander Joshua trumpet blown by the thickness, than it much safer. You see, I did not bugle call, in order to express my impartiality, and I put my pajamas happens to the best of you right. You do not want the Israelis? Because of the Jericho wall, Joshua The Israelis from the Bible of the words added to the story the necessary cultural meaning Xiurun words, audiences not only understand the story of the source The next in the Context also realize a final word Israel refers to the specific. Xiurun strengthened the language in the context of transparency; Enhance the cultural image in the audience understanding of the definition. The movie translates the Chinese-adapted reconstruction the significance to lie in it to be able effectively to achieve promptly the movie work the concealed implication, causes the effect which the audience understands. 3? The culture touches up As a result of the East and West culture difference, movie translator should help the audience to understand as far as possible these with a nationalitys history, the region culture, the religious custom and so on have the close correlation language phenomenon. In if the movie translation does not do to certain specific cultural image any touches up processing, considers the matter in and of itself the literal translation, can create this cultural image the damage, the cultural implication is torn to pieces. American movie Waterloo Bridge, from the very beginning, has this kind of section of offscreen voices: Announceer’s Voice: At 11:15 this morning, the Prime Ministeer, speaking to the nation from Numbeer Ten Downing Street,announced that Great Britain is at war with Germany. Right â€Å"Numbeer Ten Downing Street† this concealment culture image geographic name does not give supplement showing the speech, believed the overwhelming majority China ordinary audience meets the uninformed at sea its cloud. First the audience does not know â€Å"Numbeer Ten Downing Street† in any place. Next, they did not know the radio announcer mentions â€Å"Numbeer Ten Downing Street† in here to have what special implication especially. In order to enable the movie translation to reach it in the limited time in the mass audiences. The translator suitably to above translates the document to appropriately supplements touches up, â€Å"Numbeer Ten Downing Street† will translate English prime minister the mansion. Through supplements â€Å"English prime minister the mansion†, causes the audience now at last truly realized â€Å"Numbeer Ten Downing Street† true meaning. Here, â€Å"Numbeer Ten Downing Street† conceals the image three-dimensional unfolds in audiences front, the audience understood only then truly has typically the terr ito ry culture geographic name â€Å"Numbeer Ten Downing Street† complete cultural connotation. Film translation somewhat like two-man, and the dramatis personae-mouth assembly actor voices sound, words and phrase as its mouth. Translation task is to provide a blueprint for the dubbing, asked to guarantee the accurate, vivid, touching premise, in an attempt to length Rhythm, ventilation, pause and even open-mouth, and other aspects of cooperation with the dramatis personae seek to speak expression, consistent tone, finally give the audience heard the sounds, to see people who know Which statement from the mouth. Translation must take into account a standstill, rhythm and movement, the characters, but also improved the formal and resourcefulness language, humor, intended implication, subtext. Finally, you need to think opera is staged, but also singalong. It is these elements give the script translation stage theater seeks to rebuild the formal beauty of character. Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the style Melody has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected I type of the law, regardless of the words priorities, said the mayor short, meaning the right can be, Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following : For example, too long phrase translation, dubbing can only accelerate the pace of drive the results become calm mind anxiously. the occurrence of the character shown impetuous lightly; Instead, the translation of long sentences too short, dubbing can only slow down the stall the results become agitated enthusiasm sluggish indifference able decisive become Had no resolution. and so on and so forth. 4? Cultural Image Conversion. Linguists believe that all the world to see the same objective, different ethnic languages will give it brush different colors. Because of this, the cultural dislocation images will be specific performance as a metaphor for the culture of body image on the difference. In other words, in a cultural tradition implies a positive image of a beautiful culture in another culture podiums become negative implication of the ugly Cultural Images. British film Wuthering Heights has this kind of a fragment Isabella: It’s a brother’s duty,dear Edgaar, to introduce his sisteer to some other type than fops and pale young poets. Edgar: Oh, you want a dragon? Isabella: Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache. In Translation dragon is the key word. In the English language, the dragon as a devil interpretation. Whenever the term and Western ideologies will immediately showed an ugly face of the devil are threatening manner toward humans, It is not difficult to see the dragon in Western language and culture implicitly pejorative. In Chinese culture dragon symbolizes the word elegance, and the supremacy of Italy, former emperor of the Chinese people to call the real dragon the emperor. Thus, the Dragon related to the majority of terms agreed with great reverence. If the Chinese refer to themselves as descendants of the dragon; Long for their children for the future of promising succeed. Dragon in the East and West languages, its cultural image of the natural implication is absolutely contrary. In short, although the phenomena, but the implication is completely different. Evidently carabiniere hard Translation dragon is clearly inappropriate. When the Chinese audience watching the film Humi he ar, carabiniere the word They certainly will immediately think of he may be the Royal Cavalry. But Yishabeila answer to allow the audience to the films elaborate those induced by consciousness altering clouds. Viewers can not help but ask : The upright Royal Cavalry, is how a red-hot long-bearded? In Chinese tradition, history and culture, Only those who have more heads and hands of a terrible monster green eyebrows, red bearded face. Such copying can not handle things to the language and the cultural dislocation Images of the thorny issues, also not translated this vividly the true meaning of dialogue, but to the semantic context of the link set up a language barrier. Therefore, in the cases of China and Egypt and Yishabeila increase in the last paragraph of dialogue might translate as follows : Edgar : Oh, you want a dragon Oh, you do not want to marry a barbarian! ?Isabella : Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache. Yes, also a long-bearded red-hot. As the East-West cultural differences, the film tr ans lation of many English words if the hardware directly translated, will make the Chinese audience unacceptable and endorsements. In addition, the film version of the translation of film screen switching time constraints, not as translated literary works, in some obscures Office to make some notes, so we will have to give white audience : a, a view that is fully understood. The translator should be based on national audience from the audience were dubbed in Tibetan taste to appreciate the art of perspective, Selection of the national language and the original art is most similar to the unit, most close to the national audience for the familiar, readily accept the terms and cultural imagery to the film translation. In summary, in the Trans-Culture background must accurately express the implication which the movie must reflect, macroscopically, the translator wants to understand the culture contains, the translation elementary theory and the skill, and in on microscopic must observe the different language family carefully the national culture tradition, the cultural content and the cultural psychology difference performs to contrast and the analysis. Only then in considered the foreign land culture under the premise â€Å"the letter, reaches, elegant† merges into one organic whole, causes the translation â€Å"the god, the shape† and the cyclopentadiene, like this can guarantee the culture â€Å"the facsimile† the realization, can complete the cultural translation truly. References 1? Huzhengrong,? General Communication? [M], Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press,1997 2? Zhouyueliang,? Ancient Chinese Culture History? [M], Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press,2000 3? Fanzhongying,? Practical Translation? [M], Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1994. 4? Dengyanchang? Liurunqing,? Language and culture? [M], Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1989 5? Wangbinqing,? Cultural Translation? [M], Nankai University Press,1995 6? Chendehong? Zhangnanfeng,? Featured Western Translation Theory? [M], City University of Hong Kong Press,2002 7? Guojianzhong,? Translation of cultural factors? [J],? Foreign Language? ,1998 8? Hugongze,? Translation Theory of Evolution and Development? [M], Shulin Publishing Limited,1994 9? Wanghongzhi,? Re-interpretation of the letter Dayaxin : 20th-century Chinese Translation?  .

Analysis Of The Machine That W :: essays research papers

â€Å"The Machine That Won the War,† by Isaac Asimov, is a story that teaches a valuable lesson about humanity and also has an ironic twist at the end. The setting is the future of Earth, and a great war had just been won against an enemy race. Two men, Swift and Henderson, are debating over who really won the war for Earth: the giant strategy computer known as Multivac, or the men in charge of making the maneuvers and programming the computer. John Henderson is an excitable man, while Lamar Swift, the military captain, is calm but rational. While the people hailed the computer, the two really knew who the heroes were. Henderson explained the fact that Multivac was nothing more than a large machine, only capable of doing what it was programmed to do. He stated that ever since the beginning of the war, he had been hiding a secret. It was the fact that some of its (Multivac’s) data might have been unreliable. This conflict, as you will note later, helped win the war. The great computer was capable of creating a direct battle plan which Earth forces could use to attack their enemies. However, with Henderson inputting faulty data, this caused some of the battle plans to be unreliable. His internal conflict between himself losing his job and wanting to keep it made him jingle with the programming until it seemed right. This foreshadowing helps the reader to see that someone is going to have to act upon Henderson’s faults if the war is to be won. Swift, the military commander, received these battle plans that Henderson had ‘printed up’ out on the front (the front being the battle front). He, realizing that some of these plans were outrageous, had to act upon a different form of machine. Swift’s motivation for not always acting upon what was laid before him helped change the course of the war. He told Henderson that when faced with the difficult decisions, he didn’t use Multivac’s data all of the time. This conflict, making these tough decisions, helps influence the climax. The climax of the story comes when Swift tells Henderson he used a coin to make all of the though decisions instead of